?il$S  5  -llll  1 1  Mi 


MANUAL    OF 
PHYSICAL    DRILL 


EDMUND  L.  BUTTS 


■"'WO 


LIBRARY 

OF    THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 
Class 


MANUAL    OF 

PHYSICAL    DRILL 


UNITED   STATES   ARMY 


BY 


Captain  EDMUND   L.    BUTTS 

EIGHTEENTH    INFANTRY,   UNITED    STATES    ARMY 


\,\  B  R  A  ft> 
or  THE 

UNIVERSITY 


NEW    YORK 

D.    APPLETON    AND    COMPANY 

1905 


(^  «? 


^ 


Copyright,  1897, 
By  D.   APPLETON  AND  COMPANY. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  object  of  this  manual  is  to  systematize  phys- 
ical training  in  the  army,  to  furnish  a  practical 
guide  that  will  enable  any  officer  to  give  regular 

Iand  beneficial  instruction  to  his  command. 
Illustration  is  largely  used  as  being  the  simplest 
mode  of  description.  In  such  drills  as  the  rifle, 
dumb-bell,  etc.,  the  sets  of  exercises  are  more  or  less 
similar  and  are  all  adapted  to  either  set  of  music. 
However,  sufficient  variety  is  afforded  to  bring  all 
the  muscles  into  play. 

The  arrangement  of  the  sets — the  five  exercises 
following  one  another  without  pause — compels  the 
attention  of  the  men  and  demands  the  concentra- 
tion of  mind  upon  the  work  in  hand.  This  is  all- 
important. 

Simple  and  progressive  exercises  on  the  different 
apparatus,  and  the  principles  of  wall  scaling,  climb- 
ing, etc.,  are  given  as  being  essential  to  the  athletic 
training. 

The  methods  pursued  in  training  for  track  and 
field  events  are  added  as  matters  of  general  interest 
and  information. 

iii 


PHYSICAL     DRILL. 


Method  of  Instruction. 

Instruction  in  gymnastic  drill  will  be  under  the 
direct  charge  of  an  officer  or  officers. 

The  nature  of  the  drill  is  such  that  the  younger 
officers  would  be  in  active  command.  Whenever 
practicable,  there  will  be  at  least  four  drills  per 
week,  drill  to  be  of  about  half  an  hour's  duration. 
The  best  time  for  the  drill  is  about  two  to  three 
hours  after  breakfast. 

Men  who  have  been  in  the  service  from  fifteen  to 
twenty  years  and  are  somewhat  old  for  active  work 
will  be  "  fallen  out "  before  each  drill  and  put  under 
charge  of  an  officer  or  noncommissioned  officer  and 
given  a  few  minutes  of  light  and  entertaining  exer- 
cise ;  this  will  keep  them  busy.  There  will  always 
be  a  few  old  soldiers  to  whom  the  drill  would  be  of 
no  benefit,  and  they  should  be  excused  altogether. 
There  will  then  be  left  for  instruction  a  body  of 
young  and  active  men. 

Instruction  may  be  by  company  or  by  battalion  or 
by  regiment.  If  by  battalion  or  regiment,  the  officer 
in  charge  should  be  assisted  by  several  officers. 

Energy  and  life  should  be  instilled  into  the  drill, 
and  better  results  will  be  obtained  if  each  instructor 
will  go  through  the  exercises  himself,  being  an  ex- 
ample which  the  men  will  follow.  Men  are  more 
readily  instructed  by  example  than  verbal  instruc- 

1 


2 

tion.  They  do  not  want  long  discourses  on  the  part 
of  their  leaders ;  they  want  action.  This  is  espe- 
cially so  in  gymnastic  drill. 

This  drill  admits  of  great  variety,  and  when 
properly  conducted  can  not  fail  to  be  attractive,  and 
the  men  will  look  forward  to  this  feature  of  their 
life  as  a  pleasure  rather  than  an  arduous  duty.  It 
is  only  with  the  heavier  work  that  short  and  fre- 
quent rests  are  needed  ;  many  of  the  drills  can  be  so 
varied  that  one  part  of  the  body  can  be  rested  while 
another  part  is  being  exercised.  Never  work  the 
men  to  the  point  of  exhaustion. 

Dress. 

The  following  dress  will  be  worn:  Cap,  blue 
shirt  (or  negligee  shirt  in  summer),  uniform  or 
duck  trousers,  regulation  or  barrack  shoes ;  regular 
gymnasium  shoes  are  preferable  for  indoor  work. 
A  belt  should  take  the  place  of  suspenders.  Flannel 
is  the  best  material  to  wear  next  the  body. 

Hygiene. 

Exercise  in  the  open  air  is  always  preferable  to 
that  indoors ;  however,  men  will  not  be  taken  out  in 
severe  weather,  nor  permitted  to  go  out  into  the  cold 
air  while  heated.  If  necessary  to  go  out  after  exer- 
cising, additional  wraps  will  be  worn.  Any  acci- 
dents, sprains,  etc.,  will  be  reported  at  once  to  the 
surgeon.  The  men  complaining  of  inability  to  take 
part  in  the  drills  will  also  be  reported  to  him. 

Bathing. 

Although  there  are  different  ideas  about  bathing, 
the  following  precautions  are  safe  to  follow : 

With  the  sponge,  shower,  or  tub  bath,  while  the 


body  is  heated,  it  should  first  be  rubbed  down  well 
with  towels  ;  the  water  should  be  tepid,  and,  after 
washing  to  remove  the  impurities  which  arise  from 
increased  circulation,  the  water  should  be  cooled 
several  degrees  in  order  to  get  the  bracing  effects, 
but  not  so  cold  as  to  cause  chill.  The  warm  water 
cleanses  and  the  cold  water  braces.  Then  rub  down 
well  and  dress  deliberately,  care  being  taken  not  to 
expose  the  body  to  draughts  or  cold.  If  necessary 
to  go  directly  into  the  cold  air,  a  safe  precaution 
is  to  rub  the  body  with  alcohol.  Do  not  make  the 
bath  too  long,  and  never  let  the  underclothing  dry 
on  the  body  after  exercising.  Cold  baths  can  only 
be  safely  taken  when  the  body  is  not  heated,  and 
even  then  it  is  not  recommended  except  for  the 
strongest  constitutions.  A  hot  bath  may  safely  be 
taken  just  before  going  to  bed. 

Thirty  Minutes'  Drill. 

Example  of  varied  instruction  of  a  company 
when  but  little  gymnastic  apparatus  is  available,  or 
only  that  which  could  be  put  up  at  any  post : 


Day. 

Ten  minutes. 

Ten  minutes. 

Ten  minutes. 

1st 

Rifle  drill. 

Running  and  walking. 

Calisthenics. 

2d 

Dumb-bells. 

Hurdling  and  sprinting. 

Bar  bell. 

3d 

Calisthenics. 

Wall  sealing. 

Medicine  balls. 

4th 

Rifle  drill. 

Long  and  high  jumping. 

Climbing  ropes, 

planks,  etc. 

5th 

Rifle  drill. 

Running  and  passing  obstacles. 

Horizontal  beams. 

6th 

Calisthenics. 

Hurdling  and  sprinting. 

Bar  bell. 

7th 

Indian  clubs. 

Wall  sealing. 

Medicine  balls. 

8th 

Dumb-bells. 

Climbing  ropes,  planks,  etc. 

Cockfight. 

9th 

Rifle  drill. 

Long  and  high  jumping. 

Carrying  wounded. 

10th 

Calisthenics. 

Horizontal  beams. 

Wall  sealing. 

Example  of  varied  instruction  of  a  company 
where  necessary  gymnastic  apparatus  is  to  be  had. 
For  apparatus  work  the  company  should  be  divided 


into   about    four   squads,  which   are   gradually  ar- 
ranged according  to  proficiency : 


Day. 

Ten  min- 
utes. 

Ten  minutes. 

Ten  minutes. 

1st 

Company 

1st 

squad 

,  horizontal  bar. 

1st 

squac 

,  swinging  rings. 

calis-  , 

2d 

u 

parallel  bar. 
horse. 

2d 

U 

horizontal  bar. 

thenics. 

3d 

u 

3d 

u 

parallel  bar. 

4th 

u 

swinging  rings, 
horizontal  ladder. 

4th 

u 

horse. 

2d 

Company 

1st 

u 

1st 

u 

horse. 

rifle  drill. 

2d 

u 

swinging  rings. 

2d 

u 

horizontal  ladder. 

3d 

u 

horizontal  bar. 

3d 

a 

swinging  rings. 

4th 

u 

horse. 

4th 

u 

horizontal  bar. 

3d 

Company 
bar-bell 

1st 

It 

vaulting  bar. 

1st 

u 

ropes. 

2d 

(C 

poles. 

horizontal  ladder. 

2d 

u 

vaulting  bar. 

drill. 

3d 

It 

3d 

a 

poles, 
horizontal  ladder. 

4th 

u 

ropes. 

4th 

it 

4th 

Company 

1st 

a 

inclined  ladder. 

1st 

a 

jumping  stand'rd. 
inclined  ladder. 

dumb 

2d 

a 

horse. 

2d 

u 

bell. 

3d 

u 

traveling  rings. 

3d 

u 

horse. 

4th 

a 

lumping  stand'rd. 

4th 

a 

traveling  rings. 

5th 

Company 

Company  running  and  walk- 

1st 

a 

horizontal  bar. 

rifle  drill. 

ing. 

2d 

a 

parallel  bar. 

3d 

u 

inclined  ladder. 

4th 

u 

poles. 

6th 

Company 
calis- 

1st 
2d 

squad 

u 

■]  wall  scaling. 

1st 
2d 

a 
a 

poles, 
horizontal  bar. 

thenics. 

3d 
4th 

a 
u 

1  broad  and  high 
]    jump,  leapfrog, 
f     etc. 

3d 

4th 

u 

a 

parallel  bar. 
inclined  ladder. 

7th 

Company 

1st 

a 

horizontal  ladder. 

Company 

cockfight. 

bar-bell 

2d 

u 

inclined  plank. 

drill. 

3d 
4th 

a 

swinging  rings, 
horizontal  bar. 

8th 

Company 
Indian 

Company 

calisthenics. 

1st  l 

squad,  vaulting  bar. 

2d 

u 

horizontal  ladder. 

clubs. 

3d 
4th 

u 
u 

poles. 

traveling  rings. 
i  broad  and  high 
1    jump,  leapfrog, 
(     etc. 

9th 

Company 
rifle  drill. 

1st 
2d 

squad,  parallel  bar. 
"      poles. 

1st 
2d 

u 
a 

3d 
4th 

u 
u 

horizontal  ladder, 
vaulting  bar. 

3d 

4th 

u 

u 

■j  wall  scaling. 

10th 

Company 

1st 

u 

horizontal  ladder. 

Company 

at  will. 

rifle  drill. 

2d 
3d 

4th 

u 
u 
u 

horse. 

traveling  rings, 
ropes. 

The   above  table    is    principally   applicable    for 
strictly  gymnasium  work. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Method  of  Instruction 1 

Dress 2 

Hygiene 2 

Bathing 2 

Thirty  Minutes'  Drill 3 

To  take  Intervals 5 

General  Rules 6 

Cadence  6 

Rifle  Drill 8 

Double  Rifle  Drill 18 

Two  Men  with  One  Rifle 21 

Bar-bell  Drill ...  36 

Dumb-bell 31 

Calisthenics 40 

Exercises  for  Improving  Carriage 49 

Jumping 51 

Men  vaulting  over  One  Another 51 

Cockfight 52 

Carrying  the  Wounded 52 

Indian  Clubs 54 

Medicine  Ball 61 

Running 66 

Wall  Scaling 68 

Wall  Seven  to  Ten  Feet  in  Height 68 

High  Wall 72 

Apparatus  Work 79 

Horizontal  Bar 82 

Vaulting  Bar 90 

Jumping  Standard         . 92 

Parallel  Bars 93 

Y 


PAGE 

Horse 101 

Horizontal  Beam Ill 

Pair  of  Swinging  Rings 114 

Traveling  Rings 118 

Horizontal  Ladder 119 

Inclined  Ladder 123 

Inclined  Plank 126 

Vertical  Pole 127 

Pair  of  Vertical  Poles 130 

Slanting  Pole 131 

Turning  Pole 132 

Pair  of  Slanting  Poles 132 

Rope 133 

Athletic  Games  and  Contests 136 

Sprints 138 

The  Middle  Distances 142 

The  Mile  Run 143 

Hurdles 145 

Running  High  Jump    . 150 

Running  Broad  Jump 155 

Throwing  the  Hammer 157 

Putting  the  Shot 161 

Pole  Vault 165 

Records 170 

Drill  Music 172 


To  take  Intervals. 

Matters  bearing  on  the  position  of  the  soldier, 
formation  of  company,  etc.,  are  as  laid  down  in 
Drill  Regulations,  United  States  Army.  Prepara- 
tory commands  are  in  italic,  commands  of  execu- 
tion in  small  capitals.  One  pace  is  thirty  inches. 
Intervals  and  distances  of  two  paces  are  prescribed. 
If  more  interval  or  distance  is  required,  the  in- 
structor will  caution  the  men  beforehand  as  to  the 
number  of  paces  to  be  taken.  As  a  rule,  a  little 
more  than  two  paces — say  two  and  a  half  paces 
— will  be  required ;  but  the  idea  is  to  keep  the 
men  in  as  small  a  space  as  possible,  as  more  can 
then  be  exercised  and  receive  proper  supervision. 
Before  taking  intervals  the  guides  are  directed  to 
fall  in  the  line  of  file  closers.  If  at  order  arms, 
when  intervals  are  taken,  or  assembly  ordered,  the 
piece  is  carried  at  the  trail.  Intervals  may  be  taken 
or  assembly  made  in  quick  and  double  time  and  at 
a  run. 

Being  in  line  at  a  halt :  Bight  take  intervals ; 
march.  At  the  first  command  rear  rank  and  file 
closers  step  back  two  paces ;  at  the  command  march, 
all  face  to  the  right  except  the  left  file  and  left  file 
closer,  and,  after  gaining  intervals  of  two  paces, 
face  to  the  original  front. 

Left  (or  right)  assemble;  march.  At  the  com- 
mand march,  the  men  close  in  to  the  left,  and  at 
the  same  time  close  ranks. 

Being  in  line,  moving :  Right  (or  left)  take  inter- 
vals ;  march.  At  first  command  rear  rank  and  file 
closers  halt ;  at  march,  given  when  front  rank  has 
gained  two  paces,  left  man  of  front  rank  halts,  left 
man  of  rear  rank  and  left  file  closer  stand  fast ;  all 


6 

other  men  gain  intervals  to  right  and  face  to  origi- 
nal front. 

Being  in  column  of  fours  at  a  halt:  Right  (or  left) 
take  intervals  j  2.  march.  At  first  command  front 
rank  of  leading  four  steps  off,  followed  at  distance  of 
two  paces  by  rear  rank,  and  so  on  throughout  the 
column  ;  at  the  command  march,  given  when  all  have 
attained  proper  distance,  left  files  halt,  others  gain 
intervals  to  the  right  and  face  to  original  front. 
(If  executed  away  from  file  closers,  they  and  left  files 
both  stand  fast  at  command  march.) 

Left  (or  right)  assemble;  march.  Men  close  to 
the  left  at  command  march,  and  at  the  same  time 
close  to  proper  distance  between  fours. 

Being  in  column  of  fours  moving :  Right  (or  left) 
take  intervals;  2.  march.  At  first  command  front 
rank  of  leading  four  continues  the  march,  other 
fours  mark  time  and  step  off  when  they  have  gained 
the  proper  distance ;  at  the  command  march,  given 
when  all  have  attained  proper  distance,  left  files 
halt,  others  gain  intervals  to  the  right  and  face  to 
original  front.  (If  executed  away  from  file  closers, 
they  and  left  files  both  stand  fast  at  command 
march.) 

General  Rules. 

At  command  halt  in  any  exercise  the  starting 
position,  ready,  is  resumed. 

To  continue  any  exercise,  either  by  or  without 
numbers,  preface  the  command  with  Continue  the 
exercise. 

Cadence. 

Every  set  of  exercises  of  the  rifle,  bar-bell,  dumb- 
bell drills  and  calisthenics  can  be  used  with  either 
set  of  music.     Each  set  has  five  exercises,  which  are 


so  repeated  that  all  take  thirty-two  counts  except  the 
third,  which  requires  sixteen.  After  the  details  of 
each  exercise  are  learned,  the  men  in  executing  them 
will  be  required  to  count  one,  two,  etc.,  up  to  eight, 
inclusive,  in  a  full,  loud  tone  of  voice,  so  as  to  obtain 
unison  ;  then  each  set  will  be  gone  through  without 
pause,  the  instructor  signaling  or  cautioning  the 
men  when  the  succeeding  exercise  commences. 
After  one  or  two  trials  with  music,  there  will  be 
no  difficulty  about  the  time.  It  will  be  seen  that 
the  nature  of  some  of  the  exercises  of  a  set  will  re- 
quire faster  time  than  the  corresponding  exercises 
of  another  set.  This  is  easily  remedied  by  the 
instructor,  who  can  signal  the  leader  of  the  music 
to  go  fast  or  slow. 


8 


RIFLE  DRILL. 


Being  at  order 
arms,  at  command 
ready,  come  to  port 
arms;  2.  Drop  rifle 
to  horizontal  posi- 
tion in  front  of  body, 
right  hand  at  small 
of  stock,  left  hand 
just  above  lower 
band,  arms  extended 
downward,  knuckles 
front,  barrel  of  rifle 
up,  Fig.  1.  If  using 
carbine,  take  similar 
position. 

Being    at    ready, 
at     command    order 
arms,   come   to  port 
arms  and  then  to  or- 
der as  prescribed  in  Drill  Regulations. 

The  following   exercises   are  executed  from  the 
position  of  ready  : 


Fig.  1. 


First  Set. 

First,  exercise. — 
At  command  exer- 
cise, raise  rifle  smart- 
ly to  chest,  two  inches 
below  chin,  elbows 
close  to  sides,  wrists 
well  bent  back,  Fig.  2. 


Fig.  2. 


2.  Lunge  well  out 
to  left  oblique,  left 
foot  leading,  at  same 
time  extend  rifle  for- 
ward, barrel  to  rear, 
Fig.  3. 


Fig.  3. 


10 


3.  Carry  rifle  to 
chest,  wrists  bent 
back,  Fig.  4. 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  5. 


4.  Turn  to  right- 
about on  heels,  Fig.  5. 

5.  Extend  rifle 
forward. 

6.  Carry  rifle  to 
chest,  Fig.  5. 

7.  Carry  left  foot 
to  right,  and  face  to 
original  front,  Fig  2. 

8.  Drop  rifle  to 
ready. 

Take  exercise  four 
times.  In  all  lung- 
ing, the  rear  foot  re- 
mains flat  on  the 
ground,  leg  well 
straightened  out. 


11 


Second,  exercise. 
—At  command  exer- 
cise, bend  trunk  for- 
ward, legs  remain- 
ing straight,  and, 
if  possible,  touch 
ground  with  rifle, 
Fig.  6. 


Fig.  6. 


2.  Swing  rifle  well 
out  to  front  and 
overhead,  arms  and 
legs  remaining- 
straight,  wrists  bent 
well  back,  eyes  on 
rifle,  back  hollowed, 
Fig.  7. 

3.  Swing  rifle 
down,  and  bend 
trunk  forward  to  po- 
sition as  at  command 
exercise,  Fig.  6. 

4.  Same  as  2, 
Fig.  7. 


Fig.  7. 


12 


Fig.  8. 


5.  Drop  rifle  to 
shoulders  behind 
neck,  forcing  chest 
well  forward,  eyes 
directed  to  the  front, 
Fig.  8. 

6.  Resume  posi- 
tion 2,  Fig.  7. 

7.  Drop  rifle  to 
chest,  Fig.  2. 

8.  Drop  rifle  to 
ready. 

Take  exercise  four 
times.  The  first  four 
movements  are  exe- 
cuted slowly,  the  last 
four  rapidly. 


TJiird,  exercise. 
— At  command  exer- 
cise, carry  left  foot 
about  fifteen  inches 
to  the  left,  turn  body 
to  the  left  on  hips, 
rising  well  upon 
right  toe,  left  foot 
flat  on  ground,  and 
swing  rifle  to  left  to 
horizontal  position 
overhead,  back  hol- 
lowed, wrists  well 
bent  back,  eyes  on 
rifle,  Fig.  9. 


Fig.  9. 


13 


2.  Swing  rifle  down  across  body  and  overhead  to 
right,  arms  remaining  straight,  the  reverse  position 
of  first  movement. 

Repeat  to  include  sixteenth  count. 

At  command  halt,  come  to  ready. 

Fourth,  exercise. — At  command  exercise,  lunge 
directly  to  the  left,  left  foot  being  planted  about 
thirty-six  inches  to 
the  left  ;  at  same 
time  swing  rifle  over- 
head, arms  remaining 
extended,  wrists  bent 
well  back,  back  hol- 
lowed, eyes  on  rifle, 
Fig.  10. 

2.  Resume  ready. 

3.  Lunge  directly 
to  the  front,  left  foot 
leading,  and  take  posi- 
tion above  described. 

4.  Resume  ready. 

5.  Lunge  directly 
to  the  right,  right 
foot  leading,  and  take 
position  as  above. 

6.  Resume  ready. 

7.  Lunge  directly  to  the  front,  right  foot  leading, 
and  take  position  as  above. 

8.  Resume  ready. 

Take  exercise  four  times.  In  lunging,  the 
leading  foot  should  not  be  planted  so  as  to  jar. 
When  the  exercise  is  understood  so  as  to  be 
executed  in  cadence,  the  foot  should  lightly  strike 
the  ground  so  as  to  enable  a  quick  return  to  the 
ready. 


Fig.  10. 


14 


Fifth,  exercise. — Same  as  first  exercise,  substi- 
tuting words  "right"  for  "left"  and  "left"  for 
"right." 

Take  exercise  four  times. 

In  executing  the  exercises  one  after  the  other 
they  commence  at  the  ready,  except  the  fourth.  In 
this  the  lunge  to  the  left  is  made  directly  from  the 
overhead  position  on  the  right,  of  the  third  exercise 
— i.  e.,  by  swinging  the  rifle  down  across  the  body 
and  overhead  on  left  side,  and  lunging  out  with  left 
foot. 

Second  Set. 

First,  exercise. — Same  as  first  exercise,  first  set. 

Second,  exercise. — At  command  exercise,  carry 

left    foot    about    twenty-four    inches  to  the   front 

and    pointing    to    the    front,    both    feet    flat    on 

ground ;  at  same 
time  bend  trunk  for- 
ward, and  bring  rifle 
down  to  left  toe, 
Fig.  11. 

2.  Replace  left 
foot  by  right,  swing 
rifle  overhead,  arms 

.     -"*  remaining    straight, 

and  take  position  2 
in  second  exercise, 
first  set,  Fig.  7. 

3.  Advance  right 
foot,  bend  trunk  for- 
ward, swing  rifle 
down  to  right  toe, 
arms  remaining 
straight. 

Fig.  11.  & 


15 


4.  Replace  right 
foot  by  the  left, 
and  take  position  2, 
Fig.  7. 

5.  Drop  rifle  to 
shoulders  behind 
neck,  Figo  8, 

6.  Extend  up- 
ward, Fig.  7. 

7.  Drop  to  chest, 
Fig.  2, 

8.  Come  to  ready. 
Take  exercise  four 

times. 

Third,  exercise. 
— At  command  exer- 
cise, carry  left  foot 
about  fifteen  inches 
to  the  rear,  turn  body 
to  left  rear  on  hips, 
rising  well  upon 
right  toe,  left  foot 
flat  on  ground,  and 
swing  rifle  to  hori- 
zontal position  over- 
head, back  hollowed, 
wrists  bent  well  back, 
eyes  on  rifle,  Fig.  12. 

2.  Swing  rifle 
down  across  body  to 
the  front  to  hori- 
zontal position  over- 
head, at  same  time 
carry  left  foot  about 
fifteen  inches  in  front 


Fig.  12. 


Fig.  13. 


16 


Fig.  14. 


of  right,  and  now, 
facing  to  the  front 
and  rising  well  upon 
right  toe,  take  posi- 
tion similar  to  that 
of  first  movement, 
Fig.  13. 

3.  Swing  rifle 
down  across  body 
and  overhead  to  rear, 
rising  well  on  left 
toe,  Fig.  14. 

4.  Swing  rifle 
down  and  overhead 
and  carry  right  foot 
about  fifteen  inches 
to  the  front,  rising 
well  on  left  toe,  Fig. 
15. 

Repeat  the  above 
four  movements  to 
include  sixteenth 
count.  At  command 
halt,  come  to  ready. 

It  will  be  seen 
that  this  exercise  is 
similar  to  the  third 
exercise,  first  set. 
The  body  is  turned 
to  rear  and  front,  in- 
stead of  to  left  and 
right,  and  a  step  is 
taken  to  the  front 
each  time  the  rifle  is 
swung  to  the  front. 


Fin.  15. 


17 


In  executing  these 
exercises  one  after 
the  other,  the  third 
exercise  ends  at  the 
sixteenth  count,  Fig. 
15,  and  the  fourth 
exercise  commences 
by  making  the  lunge 
from  this  position. 

Fourth,  EXERCISE. 
— At  command  exer- 
cise, lunge  well  out  to 
left  and  extend  rifle 
to  the  left  at  height 
of  chin  in  a  horizon- 
tal position,  barrel 
up,  left  arm  extend- 
ed, eyes  on  muzzle, 
Fig  16. 

2.  Resume  ready. 


Fig.  16. 


3.  Lunge  to  right 
in  similar  manner, 
right  arm  extended, 
ej^es  on  butt,  Fig.  17. 

4.  Repeat  the 
above  to  include  six- 
teenth count. 


Fig.  17. 


18 


L 


Fig.  18. 


Fig.  19. 


17.  Lunge  to  left 
as  before,  except  car- 
rying rifle  behind 
bead,  Fig.  18. 

18.  Resume  ready. 

19.  Lunge  to 
right,  carrying  rifle 
behind  head. 

20.  Resume  ready. 
Repeat  to  include 

thirty-second  count. 

Note.— Figs.  16, 
17,  and  18,  head  and 
eyes  should  be  turned 
in  direction  of  the 
lunge. 

Fifth,  EXERCISE. 
— Same  as  fifth  exer- 
cise, first  set. 

Double    Rifle 
Drill. 

Close  rear  rank  to 
one  pace.  At  com- 
mand ready,  rear- 
rank  man  passes  his 
rifle  to  left  side  and 
drops  muzzle  for- 
ward ;  front  rank 
passes  butt  of  his 
rifle  to  rear,  front 
rank  grasps  rifles  just 
below  upper  bands, 
rear  rank  at  small 
of    stocks,    Fig.    19. 


19 


File  closers  act  to- 
gether. 

Note.  —  Front 
rank  shown  in  light 
shirt  in  all  double 
exercises.    . 

The  following  ex- 
ercises are  executed 
from  the  ready. 

First,      EXERCISE. 

— At  command  exer- 
cise, raise  rifles  under 
shoulders,  knuckles 
do  wn,elbows  out,bar- 
rels  outward,  Fig.  20. 

2.  Both  lunge  for- 
ward with  the  left 
foot,  at  same  time 
extending  rifles  side- 
wise,  barrels  now  in- 
ward, Fig.  21. 

3.  Resume  1,  Fig. 
20. 

■4.  Resume  ready. 

5.  Resume  1,  Fig. 
20. 

6.  Both  lunge 
backward  with  right 
foot,  extending  rifles 
sidewise  as  before, 
Fig.  21. 

7.  Resume  1,  Fig. 
20. 

8.  Resume  ready. 
Take  exercise  four 


Fig.  20. 


Fig.  21. 


20 


Fig.  22. 


Fig.  23. 


times.  In  lunging  to 
rear,  position  of  legs 
is  the  same  as  in 
lunging  to  front. 

Second,  exercise. 
— At  command  ex- 
ercise, both  bend 
trunks  to  left,  lower- 
ing rifle  on  left  side, 
raising  it  overhead 
on  right  side,  arms 
extended,  eyes  on 
hands  overhead, 

right  wrists  bent 
well  back,  Fig.  22. 

2.  Bend  to  oppo- 
site side,  reversing 
position  of  rifles, 
eyes  on  hands  over- 
head. 

3.  Resume  1,  Fig. 
22. 

4.  Resume  2. 

5.  Swing  rifles  as 
in  1 ,  Fig.  22,  but  keep 
bodies  erect. 

6.  Swing  as  in  2, 
bodies  erect. 

7.  Same  as  5. 

8.  Resume  ready. 
Take  exercise  four 

times.  First  four 
movements  are  exe- 
cuted slowly,  the  last 
four  rapidly. 


21 

Third,  exercise. — At  command  exercise,  come  to 
knees  full  bend,  at  same  time  throw  rifles  sidewise 
overhead,  arms  re- 
maining extended, 
backs  of  hands  in- 
ward, eyes  on  hands, 
Fig.  23. 

2.  Resume  ready. 

Repeat  to  include 
sixteenth  count. 

Fourth,  EXERCISE. 
— At  command  exer- 
cise, both  lunge  to 
left  and  throw  rifle 
on  left  side  overhead, 
left  wrists  bent  well 
back,  eyes  on  hands 
overhead,  rifle  on 
right  side  remaining 
at  side,  Fig.  24.  .,      ,. 

2.  Resume  ready. 

3.  Lunge  to  right  side,  taking  position  reverse  of 
1 — i.  e..  rifle  on  right  side  overhead,  rifle  on  left  side 
at  side. 

4.  Resume  ready. 

Repeat  to  include  thirty-second  count. 
Fifth ,  exercise. — Same  as  first,  substituting  "  left 
foot "  for  "  right  »  and  "  right  foot "  for  "  left." 

Two  Men  with  One  Rifle. 

Ranks  being  closed  to  one  pace,  face  front  rank 
about,  front  rank  being  at  order  arms,  rear  rank 
without  rifle. 

At  command  ready,  front-rank  man  comes  to 
ready  as  before  described,  rear-rank  man  places  his 


22 


Fig.  25. 


Fig.  26. 


hands  to  his  left  of 
those  of  front  rank, 
Fig.  25.  In  the  fol- 
lowing exercises,  di- 
rections right  and 
left  refer  to  right  and 
left  of  front  rank  as 
it  faces  in  the  drill. 
File  closers  act  to- 
gether. 

The  following  ex- 
ercises are  executed 
from  ready  : 

First,  EXERCISE. 
— At  command  exer- 
cise, raise  rifle  up- 
ward to  full  extent 
of  the  arms,  eyes  on 
rifle,  Fig.  26. 

2.  Front  rank 
lunges  forward  with 
left  foot,  rear  rank 
backward  with  right, 
eyes  on  rifle,  arms 
extended,  back  of 
rear  rank  hollowed, 
wrists  bent  well  back, 
Fig.  27. 

3.  Resume  1,  Fig. 
26. 

4.  Resume  read)/. 

5.  Resume  1,  Fig. 
26. 

6.  Rear  rank 
lunges  forward  with 


23 


left  foot,  front  rank 
backward  with  right, 
eyes  on  rifle,  arms 
extended,  back  of 
front  rank  hollowed, 
wrists  bent  well  back. 

7.  Resume  1. 

8.  Resume  ready. 
Take  exercise  four 

times.  In  lunging  to 
the  rear  the  position 
of  legs  is  the  same 
as  in  lunging  to  the 
front. 


Fig.  27. 


Second,  exercise. 
— At  command  exer- 
cise, bend  trunks  well 
to  the  left,  carrying 
rifle  to  vertical  posi- 
tion on  left  side,  arms 
straight,  eyes  on  butt, 
Fig.  28. 

2.  Bend  to  oppo- 
site side,  take  corre- 
sponding position, 
eyes  on  muzzle. 

3.  Resume  1,  Fig. 
28. 

±.  Resume  2. 


Fig.  28. 


24 


5.  Twist  rifle  to 
left,  arms  straight, 
bodies  now  erect, 
Fig.  29. 

6.  Twist  rifles  to 
right,  bodies  erect. 

7.  Resume  5. 

8.  Resume  ready. 
Take  exercise  four 

times.  The  first  four 
movements  are  exe- 
cuted slowly,  the  last 
four  rapidly. 


Fig.  29. 


Fig.  30. 


Third,  exercise. 

— At  command  exer- 
cise, come  to  knees 
full  bend,  arms  raised 
overhead  and  extend- 
ed, eyes  on  rifle,  Fig. 
30. 

2.  Resume  ready. 

Repeat  to  include 
sixteenth  count. 

Fourth,  EXERCISE. 
— At  command  ext  r- 
cise,    lunge    to    left, 


25 


extending  rifle  to 
horizontal  position 
at  height  of  chin, 
head  and  eyes  to  left, 
Fig.  31. 

2.  Resume  ready. 

3.  Lunge  to  right 
and  extend  rifle  in 
horizontal  position, 
head  and  eyes  to  the 
right. 

4.  Resume  ready. 
Repeat  to  include 

sixteenth  count. 

17.  Lunge  as  be- 
fore to  left,  except 
throw  butt  up  until 
the  piece  is  vertical, 
eyes  on  butt  of  piece, 
Fig.  32, 

18.  Resume  ready. 

19.  Lunge  to 
right,  throwing  muz- 
zle up  until  piece 
is  vertical,  eyes  on 
muzzle. 

Repeat  to  include 
thirty-second  count, 

Fifth,     EXERCISE. 

— Same  as  first,  sub- 
stituting "left  foot" 
for  "  right "  and 
"right  foot"  for 
"left." 


Fig.  31. 


Fig.  32. 


26 


BAR-BELL   DRILL. 


The  bar  bell  is  a 
wand  of  wood,  of  va- 
rious lengths  ;  the 
size  recommended 
for  these  exercises  is 
about  five  feet  in 
length  and  one  and  a 
half  inch  in  diameter, 
with  either  iron  or 
wooden  knobs  at  the 
ends ;  ordinary  poles 
can  be  used  in  place 
of  the  bar  bell. 

Position  of  carry 
bar,  Fig.  1  ;  right 
hand  is  about  one 
foot  from  lower  end 
of  bar ;  in  double 
timing,  the  bar  is  carried  at  a  port. 


Fig.  1. 


27 


Being  at  carry, 
at  command  ready, 
raise  left  hand  to  bar 
at  height  of  fore- 
head, carry  bar  across 
body  to  horizontal 
position,  hands  about 
three  feet  apart, 
knuckles  front,  Fig. 
2. 


Fig.  2. 


The  following  ex- 
ercises are  executed 
from  ready  : 

First,  EXERCISE. 
— At  command  exer- 
cise, carry  bar  to  ver- 
tical position  on  right 
side,  left  forearm 
against  forehead, 
right  arm  extended, 
Fig.  3. 


Fig.  3. 


28 


Fig.  4. 


2.  Lunge  directly 
to  left,  at  same  time 
extending  bar  in  hori- 
zontal position  to  left 
at  height  of  chin,  left 
arm  straight,  eyes  di- 
rected to  left,  Fig.  4. 

3.  Resume  1,  Fig.  3. 

4.  Resume  ready. 

5.  Raise  bar  to  ver- 
tical position  on  left 
side. 

6.  Lunge  to  right 
in  similar  manner  as 
to  left. 

7.  Resume  5. 

8.  Resume  ready. 
Take  exercise  four 

times. 


Second,  exercise. 
— At  command  exer- 
cise, bend  trunk  for- 
ward, legs  straight, 
and,  if  possible,  touch 
ground  with  bar,  Fig. 
5. 


Fig.  5. 


29 


2.  Swing  bar  well 
out  to  front  and  over- 
head, arms  and  legs 
remaining  straight, 
wrists  bent  well  back, 
eyes  on  bar,  back  hol- 
lowed, Fig.  6. 

3.  Swing  bar  and 
bend  trunk  down  to 
position  1,  Fig.  5. 

4.  Resume  2,  Fig.  6. 

5.  Swing  bar  down 
behind  back,  arms 
straight,  hands  slip- 
ping toward  ends  of 
bar,  Fig.  7. 

6.  Swing  to  po- 
sition in  front  of 
body,  arms  remain- 
ing straight. 

7.  Resume  5,  arms 
remaining  straight, 
Fig.  7. 

8.  Same  as  6,  slip- 
ping hands  to  ready 
in  bringing  bar  in 
front  of  body. 

Take  exercise  four 
times. 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  7. 


30 


!■    I  ii»«i| «■-!<    "i    ■■<■ 


" 


Fig.  8. 


Third,  exercise. 
— At  command  exer- 
cise, come  to  knees 
full  bend, at  same  time 
throw  bar  overhead, 
arms  extended,  wrists 
bent  well  back,  eyes 
on  bar,  Fig.  8. 

2.  Resume  ready. 

Repeat  to  include 
sixteenth  count. 

Fourth,  exercise. 
— At  command  exer- 
cise, hop  to  straddle 
position,  at  same  time 
swing  bar  overhead, 
arms  extended,  wrists 
bent  well  back,  eyes 
on  bar,  Fig.  9. 

2.  Hop  to  ready. 

Repeat  to  include 
thirty-second  count. 

Fifth,  exercise.  — 
Same  as  first  exercise, 
except  that  in  lung- 
ing the  bar  is  carried 
to  horizontal  position 
behind  head. 

The  rifle  drill  can 
be  used  with  the  bar 
bell. 


Fig.  9. 


31 


DUMB-BELL. 


The  dumb  -  bells 
should  weigh  about 
two  or  three  pounds 
each.  Position  of 
ready,  Fig.  1 ;  in 
double  timing,  bells 
are  carried  at  thrust, 
knuckles  out,  Fig.  7. 


•>- 


Fig.  1. 


32 


The  following  ex- 
ercises are  executed 
from  ready : 

First  Set. 

This  is  similar  to 
first  set,  single  rifle 
drill. 

First,  EXERCISE. — 
At  command  exer- 
cise, raise  arms  to 
thrust,  forearms  hori- 
zontal, elbows  against 
sides,  knuckles  down, 
shoulders  well  back, 
Fig.  2. 


Fig.  2. 


2.  Lunge  to  left 
oblique,  extend  arms, 
turning  knuckles  up, 
Fig.  3. 


Fig.  3. 


33 


3.  Without  chang- 
ing position  of  legs 
bring  arms  to  thrust, 
Fig.  4. 

4.  Turn  to  right- 
about on  heels. 

5.  Extend  arms 
forward,  knuckles  up. 

6.  Without  mov- 
ing legs  bring  arms 
to  thrust. 

7.  Carry  left  foot 
to  right  and  face  to 
original  front. 

8.  Resume  ready. 
Take  exercise  four 

times. 


Fig.  4. 


Second,  exercise. 
— At  command  exer- 
cise, bend  trunk  for- 
ward, knuckles  out- 
ward, arms  and  legs 
straight,  and  touch 
ground  in  front  of  toes 
if  possible,  Fig.  5. 


Fig.  5. 


34 


■•■■■■  "  ■■'■■ ' 


2.  Swing  arms  ex- 
tended to  front  and 
overhead,  back  hol- 
lowed, eyes  on  bells, 
Fig.  6. 

3.  Bend  forward  to 
1,  Fig.  5. 

4.  Same  as  2,  Fig.  6. 


Fig.  6. 


5.  Drop  bells  to 
chest,  Fig.  7. 

6.  Extend  arms  up- 
ward, eyes  on  bells, 
Fig.  6. 

7.  Resume  5. 

8.  Resume  ready. 
Take  exercise  four 

times.  Knuckles  out- 
ward throughout  ex- 
ercise. 


Fig.  7. 


35 


Third,  exercise. 
— At  command  exer- 
cise, come  to  knees  full 
bend  and  thrust  arms 
forward,  knuckles  up, 
Fig.  8. 

2.  Rise,  bringing 
arms  to  thrust,  Fig.  2. 

Repeat  to  include 
eighth  count. 


Fig.  8. 


9.  Come  to  knees 
full  bend  and  thrust 
arms  sideward,  the 
knuckles  up,  Fig.  9. 

10.  Rise,  bringing 
arms  to  thrust. 

Repeat  to  include 
sixteenth  count. 

On  sixteenth  count 
come  to  ready  in  ris- 
ing. 


Fig.  9. 


36 


Fig.  10. 


Fig.  11. 


Fourth,  exercise. 
— At  command  exer- 
cise, lunge  to  left, 
throwing  arms  over- 
head, knuckles  to  the 
rear,  eyes  on  bells, 
Fig.  10. 

2.  Come  to  ready, 
Fig.  1. 

3.  Lunge  to  left 
front  similarly. 

4.  Resume  ready. 

5.  Lunge  to  right 
similarly. 

6.  Resume  ready. 

7.  Lunge  to  right 
front  similarly. 

8.  Resume  ready. 
Take  exercise  four 

times. 

Fifth,  exercise. — 
Same  as  first  exercise, 
substituting  "  left " 
for  "  right "  and 
"  right  »  for  "  left." 

Second  Set. 

First,  exercise. — 
At  command  exercise. 
raise  arms  to  thrust, 
knuckles  outward, 
forearms  horizontal, 
elbows  against  sides, 
Fig.  7. 

2.  Lunge   directly 


37 


to  front  with  left  foot, 
striking  out  with  left 
arm,  throwing  body 
with  blow,  Fig.  11. 

3.  Without  chang- 
ing position  of  legs 
bring  left  arm  back 
to  thrust  and  strike 
out  with  right  arm, 
throwing  right  side  of 
body  forward,  Fig.  12. 

4.  Bring  back  right 
arm  and  strike  out 
with  left. 

5.  Bring  back  left 
and  strike  out  with 
right. 

G.  Bring  right  arm 
to  thrust. 

7.  Carry  left  foot 
to  right. 

8.  Come  to  ready. 
Take  exercise  four 

times. 

Second,  exercise. 
— At  command  exer- 
cise, carry  left  foot 
about  twenty  -  four 
inches  to  the  front, 
both  feet  flat  on 
ground,  bend  trunk 
forward  and  bring 
bells  clown  to  front 
of  left  toe,  knuckles 
outward,  Fig.  13. 


Fig.  12. 


Fig.  13. 


38 


Fig.  14. 


Fig.  15. 


2.  Replace  left 
foot  by  right,  swing 
bells  overhead,  arms 
straight,  back  hol- 
lowed, eyes  on  bells, 
Fig.  6. 

3.  Advance  right 
foot,  bend  trunk  for- 
ward, swing  bells 
down  in  front  of  right 
toe. 

4.  Replace  right 
foot  by  left,  swing 
bells  overhead  as  be- 
fore, Fig.  6. 

5.  6,  7  and  8.  Sam6 
as  5,  6,  7  and  8,  second 
exercise,  first  set, 
dumb-bells. 

Take  exercise  four 
times.  Knuckles  out- 
ward throughout  the 
exercise. 

Third,  exercise. 
— At  command  exer- 
cise, carry  left  foot 
well  out  to  left,  carry 
left  bell  to  floor  on 
outside  of  left  foot, 
raise  right  arm  over- 
head, eyes  on  right 
bell,  both  feet  flat  on 
ground,  Fig.  14. 

2.  Straighten  left 
leg,  bend  right  well 


39 

and  swing  right  bell  to  outside  right  foot,  left  arm 
overhead  and  vertical,  eyes  on  left  bell. 

Repeat  to  include  fifteenth  count. 

16.  Come  to  ready. 

Fourth,  exercise. — At  command  exercise,  carry 
arms  forward  and  swing  to  rear  at  height  of  shoul- 
ders, arms  remaining 
straight,        knuckles 
down,  at  same   time 
lunge  to  left,  Fig.  15. 

2.  Come  to  ready. 

3.  Lunge  to  left 
front,  swinging  arms 
as  before. 

4.  Come  to  ready. 

5.  Lunge  to  right, 
arms  as  before. 

6.  Come  to  ready. 

7.  To  right  front, 
arms  as  before. 

8.  Come  to  ready. 
Take  exercise  four 

times. 

Fifth,      EXERCISE.  ^       ,„ 

J       '  Fig.  16. 

— At  command  exer- 
cise, raise  arms  to  thrust,  knuckles  down,  Fig.  2. 

2.  Lunge    to     left,     extending    arms     sidewise, 
knuckles  up. 

3.  Carry  left  foot  to  right,  arms  to  thrust,  Fig.  2. 

4.  Come  to  ready. 

5.  Raise  arms  to  thrust,  Fig.  2. 

6.  Lunge    to    right,    extending    arms     sidewise, 
knuckles  up,  Fig.  16. 

7.  Carry  right  foot  to  left,  arms  to  thrust. 

8.  Come  to  ready.     Take  exercise  four  times. 


40 


CALISTHENICS. 

Being  at  attention. 

First  Set. 

First,  exercise. — At  command  exercise,  raise 
arms  to  thrust,  knuckles  outward. 

2.  Lunge  directly  to  front,  left  foot  leading,  and 
strike  out  well  with  left  arm,  throwing  body  with 

blow,  Fig.  1. 

3.  Bring  left  arm 
back  to  thrust  and 
strike  out  with  right, 

•  throwing  right  side 

^        of  body  forward. 

4.  Bring  right 
arm  back  and  strike 
out  with  left. 

5.  Bring  left  back 
and  strike  out  with 
right. 

6.  Bring  right 
arm  back  to  thrust. 

7.  Carry  left  foot 
to  right. 

8.  Drop   arms  to 
Fig.  l                           sides. 


41 


Take  exercise  four 
times. 

(This  is  the  same 
as  first  exercise,  sec- 
ond set,  of  dumb- 
bells.) 

Second,  exercise. 
— At  command  exer- 
cise, bend  trunk  for- 
ward, arms  and  legs 
straight,  backs  of 
hands  to  front,  and 
touch  floor  in  front 
of  toes,  Fig.  2. 

2.  Bend  trunk  up- 
ward and  backward, 
throwing  arms  over- 
head, arms  straight, 
eyes  on  hands,  backs 
of  hands  to  rear,  back 
hollowed. 

3.  Bend  down  to 
position  1,  Fig.  2. 

4.  Same  as  2. 


5.  Swing  arms 
to  side  position, 
knuckles  up,  Fig.  3. 


Fig.  2. 


* 


Fig.  3. 


42 


6.  Swing  arms  for- 
ward, knuckles  up, 
Fig.  4. 

7.  Swing  to  side 
position,  Fig.  3. 

8.  Drop  arms  to 
sides. 

Take  exercise  four 
times.  In  swing- 
ing, muscles  should 
be  rigid  and  arms 
swung  smartly.  The 
first  four  movements 
are  executed  slowly, 
the  last  four  rapidly. 


Fig.  4. 


Third,  exercise. 
— At  command  exer- 
cise, come  to  knees 
full  bend,  hands  on 
floor  in  front  of  toes, 
Fig.  5. 


Fig.  5. 


43 


2.  Carry  feet  back- 
ward to  the  lean- 
ing rest,  resting  on 
toes  and  hands,  body 
straight,  head  up, 
eyes  to  the  front, 
Fig.  6. 


Fig.  6. 


3.  Bend  arms 
downward  until  body 
nearly  touches  floor, 
Fig.  7. 

4.  Straighten 
arms,  Fig.  6. 

o.      Bend      arms, 

Fig. ;. 

6.  Straighten 
arms. 

7.  Bring  feet  up 
to  hands  as  in  posi- 
tion 1,  Fig.  5. 

8.  Rise  to  atten- 
tion. 

Take  exercise 
twice. 

4 


Fig.  7. 


44 


rs 


Fig.  8. 


Fourth,  EXERCISE. 
— At  cornniaiid  exer- 
cise, hop  to  straddle 
position  and  swing 
arms  side  wise  and 
overhead,  knuckles 
inward,  eyes  on 
hands,  Fig.  8. 

2.  Hop  to  atten- 
tion. 

Repeat  to  include 
thirty-second  count. 


Fifth,  EXERCISE. 
— At  command  ex- 
ercise, raise  arms 
to  thrust,  knuckles 
down,  Fig.  9. 


Fio.  9. 


45 


2.  Lunge  to  left, 
thrusting  arms  side- 
wise,  knuckles  up, 
Fig.  10. 

3.  Resume  1, 
Fig.  9. 

4.  Resume  atten- 
tion. 

5.  Resume  1. 

6.  Lunge  to  right, 
thrusting  arms  side- 
wise,  knuckles  up. 

7.  Resume  1. 

8.  Resume  atten- 
tion. 

Take  exercise  f  our 
times. 

(Same  as  fifth  ex- 
ercise, second  set, 
dumb-bell.) 


Second  Set. 

At  command  lie 
down,  come  to  knees 
full  bend,  sit  on  floor 
and  lie  down,  hands 
clasped  in  rear  of 
head,  legs  together, 
Fig.  11. 


* 


Fig.  10. 


Fig.  11. 


46 


The  following  ex- 
ercises are  execut- 
ed from  lying-down 
position : 

First,  EXERCISE. 
— At  command  exer- 
cise, strike  upward 
with  both  arms, 
arms  vertical,  hands 
clinched,  backs  of 
hands  toward  feet, 
Fig.  12. 


Fig.  12. 


2.  Flex  the  arms, 
arms  now  raised 
from  floor,  Fig.  13. 

Repeat  to  include 
thirty-second  count ; 
on  thirty-second 

count  bring  hands 
in  rear  of  head. 


Fig.  13. 


47 


Second,  exercise. 
— At  command  exer- 
cise, raise  feet  about 
twenty-four  inches 
from  floor,  legs 
straight,  toes  point- 
ing outward,  muscles 
set,  Fig.  14. 

2.  Lower  feet  to 
floor. 

3.  Same  as  1. 

4.  Same  as  2. 

5.  Same  as  1. 


6.  Bend  legs  until 
upper  leg  and  fore 
leg  make  a  right  an- 
gle, Fig.  15. 

7.  Extend  legs, 
Fig.  14. 

8.  Lower  legs  to 
floor. 

Take  exercise  four 
times. 

The  first  four 
movements  are  exe- 
cuted slowly,  the  last 
four  rapidly. 


Fig.  14. 


Fig.  15. 


48 


Fig.  16. 


Fig.  17. 


Third,  EXERCISE. 
— At  command  exer- 
cise, raise  trunk  and 
bring  it  well  for- 
ward, legs  remaining 
on  floor,  Fig.  16. 

2.  Lower  trunk  to 
floor. 

Repeat  to  include 
sixteenth  count. 

Executed  slowly. 

This  exercise  be- 
ing somewhat  diffi- 
cult at  first,  it  may 
be  executed  with 
hands  on  hips, 
thumbs  to  the  rear, 
the  hands  being 
placed  on  hips  at 
command  exercise 
and  replaced  behind 
head  on  last  count. 

Fourth,  EXERCISE. 
— At  command  exer- 
cise, bring  left  leg- 
well  up,  upper  leg 
at  right  angles  to 
trunk,  fore  leg  par- 
allel to  floor,  toe 
pointed  forward  and 
outward,  at  same 
time  raise  right 
leg  slightly  from 
floor,  leg  remaining 
straight,  Fig.  17. 


40 


2.  Extend  left  leg  and  bring  up  right,  revers- 
ing position  of  legs ;  semblance  of  running,  lying 
down. 

Repeat  to  include 
thirty-first  count. 

On  thirty-second 
count,  extend  left  leg 
and  place  both  legs 
on  floor. 

Fifth,  EXERCISE. 
— At  command  exer- 
cise, strike  out  with 
left  arm,  knuckles 
toward  floor,  both 
hands  clinched  and 
arms  elevated  from 
floor  several  inches, 
at  same  time  turn 
head  and  eyes  to  left, 
Fig.  18. 

2.  Flex  left  arm, 
strike  out  with  right,  head  turning  to  right. 

Repeat  to  include  thirty- first  count. 

On  thirty-second  count,  flex  left  arm  and  take 
the  position  with  hands  behind  head. 

Exercises  for  Improving  Carriage. 

Being  at  attention. 

Hands  backward,  clasp. — At  command  clasp, 
clasp  hands  back  of  body,  right  hand  clasping  thumb 
of  left,  left  hand  next  the  body. 

Head  forward  and  backward,  move. — At  com- 
mand move,  push  head  well  forward,  the  chin  being 
neither  elevated  nor  depressed,  shoulders  remaining 
in  place,  Fig.  19. 


Fig.  18. 


50 


Fig.  19. 


2.  Draw  head  well 
back  and  chin  in, 
forcing  head  and 
neck  well  back,  Fig. 
20. 

Hands  being 

clasped  backward. 

Shoulders  for- 
ward and  backivard, 
move. — At  command 
move,  roll  the  shoul- 
ders well  forward, 
head  remaining 

erect. 

2.  Roll  shoulders 
well  back,  chest 
thrown  well  out, 
stomach  drawn  in, 
head  erect. 

Being  at  attention. 
Arms  sidewise, 
raise. — At  command 
raise,  arms  are  raised 
sidewise,  knuckles 
up,  Fig.  3. 

Backivard,  cir- 
cle.— At  command 
circle,  arms  describe 
a  small  circle  back- 
ward, not  being  al- 
lowed to  drop  below 
the  shoulders  or  to 
come  in  front  of 
shoulders. 


Fig.  20. 


51 


Jumping. 

Forward  jump,  jump. — At  first  command  bring 
hands  to  horizontal  position  forward,  backs  of 
hands  up,  knees  slightly  bent,  making  ready  for 
the  spring ;  at  jump,  swing  arms  to  rear  and  then 
forward,  jumping  well  forward,  strike  the  floor 
lightly,  and  resume  position  attention. 

Upward  jump,  jump. — Similarly  executed,  the 
jump  being  made  in  place  without  gaining  ground. 

Backward  jump,  jump. — At  first  command  bring 
arms  forward  and  bend  knees  slightly  as  before ;  at 
jump,  swing  arms  to  rear,  at  same  time  springing 
backward,  striking  floor  lightly. 

Hop,  step,  and  jump,  jump. — Executed  by  hop- 
ping from  either  foot,  stepping  on  the  other,  and 
ending  with  the  jump.  Successive  jumps  may  be 
made  by  prefacing  the  command  by  the  number  of 
jumps — as  two  or  three  jumps.  In  the  same  way 
the  upward  jump  may  be  made  with  the  left  or 
right  face,  left-  or  right-about,  or  complete  turn. 

Men  vaulting  over  One  Another. 

Rear  (or  Front)  rank  prepare  to  vault,  vault. — 
At  first  command  front  rank  takes  position  with 
legs  separated  about  twenty  inches,  knees  bent,  left 
foot  slightly  in  advance,  hands  on  knees,  head  down, 
shoulders  well  braced ;  at  vault,  rear  rank  takes  short 
run,  jumps  from  both  feet,  places  hands  on  shoulders 
of  front  rank,  and  vaults  over,  striking  floor  lightly. 
After  the  men  are  proficient  in  this  vaulting  the 
man  who  is  vaulted  over  may  take  the  position  with 
the  body  erect,  arms  folded,  head  down,  legs  sepa- 
rated as  before,  but  straight. 

File  closers  act  together  in  this  exercise. 


52 


Cockfight. 

Games  similar  to  the  cockfight  may  be  occasion- 
ally indulged  in  for  the  amusement  of  the  men,  all 
of  the  men  under  instruction  being  divided  into  two 
ranks,  with  intervals,  and  ranks  facing  one  another 
about  fifteen  paces  distant. 

On  right  (or  left)  foot,  prepaid  to  hop,  hop. — At 
first  command  the  men  raise  left  leg  and  fold  the 
arms ;  at  hop,  they  hop  forward  on  right  foot  and 
endeavor  to  knock  any  of  their  opponents  down,  or 
force  them  to  touch  the  floor  with  the  raised  foot 
by  butting  with  the  shoulder.  As  soon  as  any  man 
touches  the  floor  with  raised  foot  or  is  knocked 
down  he  must  immediately  return  to  his  starting 
place.  After  a  minute  or  two  of  the  exercise  the 
command  halt  is  given  and  all  return  to  the  starting 
place.  The  command  for  hopping  on  the  other  foot 
is  then  given,  and  all  hop  forward  who  have  not 
been  forced  to  touch  the  floor  with  raised  foot. 
This  exercise  of  hopping  forward  is  continued  until 
all  on  one  side  have  been  forced  to  retire.  Any 
number  of  men  on  one  side  may  go  after  any  num- 
ber on  the  other. 

Carrying  the  Wounded. 

Men  should  be  exercised  in  carrying  the  wounded, 
following  the  two  methods  prescribed  in  the  Drill 
Regulations  for  the  Hospital  Corps  for  carrying 
patients  across  back  and  across  shoulder. 

One  rank  should  lie  down  and  be  limp ;  file 
closers  act  together. 

Front  (or  rear)  rank,  across  hack,  prepare  to  carry, 
carry. — At  first  command  the  wounded  man  is  lifted 


53 

to  the  erect  position ;  at  carry  he  is  placed  across  the 
back  as  described. 

Front  (or  rear)  rank,  across  shoulder,  prepare  to 
carry,  carry. — Similarly  executed,  carrying  wounded 
man  across  shoulder. 

The  men  will  be  practiced  in  carrying  the  wound- 
ed, in  quick  and  double  time  and  at  a  run,  and  also, 
when  the  wounded  is  across  the  shoulder,  in  carry- 
ing the  rifle,  as  one  hand  is  then  free. 


54 


INDIAN  CLUBS. 

Indian  clubs  exercise  the  arms  and  upper  por- 
tions of  the  body ;  the  lower  part  should  remain 
quiet  during  the  exercise. 

The  clubs  should  weigh  three  or  four  pounds 
each,  not  more. 

Nearly  all  of  the  large  and  small  circles  are  given 
below.  Club  swinging  is  simply  a  combination  of 
these  various  circles.  The  circles  should  be  given 
with  one  arm  at  a  time,  both  together,  and  alternat- 
ing, and  then  combinations  made.  The  instructor 
will  work  out  simple  combinations.  Let  each  move- 
ment be  executed  a  designated  number  of  times,  say 
four,  changing  from  one  movement  to  another  with- 
out pause.  The  instructor  will  explain  to  the  men 
when  and  how  the  change  is  made. 

After  proficiency  in  certain  combinations  is  at- 
tained the  swinging  may  be  done  to  music.  Almost 
any  waltz  music  can  be  used. 

As  there  can  be  an  almost  infinite  number  of 
combinations,  it  has  not  been  deemed  advisable  to 
go  into  this  subject  in  detail,  as  the  value  of  the 
exercise  is  not  commensurate  with  the  space  neces- 
sary, and  detailed  descriptions  would  tend  to  con- 
fuse. Most  officers  have  a  good  general  knowledge 
of  club  swinging. 


55 


The  clubs  should  be  grasped  lightly,  and  not  held 
rigid  in  the  hands. 

The  forward  and  backward  circles  are  in  a  plane 
perpendicular  to  the  body,  the  oblique  at  an  angle 
of  forty-five  degrees, 
and  all  others  parallel. 
In  swinging  in  an  ob- 
lique direction  the 
body  simply  turns  on 
the  hips  in  that  direc- 
tion. 

Clubs  being  held  at 
the  sides,  at  command 
ready  they  are  raised 
to  a  vertical  position, 
hands  at  the  height 
of  the  shoulders, 
knuckles  front ;  ready 
is  the  starting  posi- 
tion, Fig.  1. 

Clubs,  down. — At 
command  down,  drop 
clubs  to  sides. 

In  double  timing,  the  clubs  are  held  at  ready. 

When  the  men  are  cautioned  to  continue  the 
exercise  the  circles  are  then  made  complete  and 
without  pause. 

While  learning  the  circles  with  one  arm  let  the 
other  hang  at  the  side.  The  circles  are  shown  using 
the  right  arm  only. 


Fig.  1. 


56 


Fig.  2. 


Large  Circles. 

Outward  circle, 
Fig.  2. 

Inward  circle,  the 
reverse. 

Forward  circle, 
Fig.  3. 

Backward  circle, 
the  reverse. 


Fig.  3. 


Right  oblique  for- 
ward circle,  Fig.  4. 

Right  oblique 

backward  circle,  the 
reverse. 

Left  oblique  for- 
ward circle,  explains 
itself. 

Left  oblique  back- 
ward circle,  the  re- 
verse. 


Fig.  4. 


Small  Circles. 
With  Arms  Bent. 

Behind  shoulders, 
outward  circle,  Fig.  5. 

Behind  shoulders, 
inward  circle,  the  re- 
verse. 


Fig.  5. 


58 


Fig.  6. 


Side  forward  cir- 
cle, Fig.  6. 

Side  backward  cir- 
cle, the  reverse. 

Overhead  circle, 
Fig.  7. 


s 


Fig.  7. 


59 


Arms  Extended 

Downward. —  Wrist 

Circles. 

Front  outward  cir- 
cle, Fig.  8. 

Front  inward  cir- 
cle, the  reverse. 

Back  outward  cir- 
cle, Fig.  9. 

Back  inward  cir- 
cle, the  reverse. 


Fig.  8. 


Fig.  9. 


60 


Fig.  10. 


Arms  Extended  For- 
ward.—  Wrist 

Circles. 

Forward  outside 
circle,  Fig.  10. 

Backward  outside 
circle,  the  reverse. 

Forward  inside 
circle. 

Backward  inside 
circle,  the  reverse. 

Upper  horizontal 
outward  circle,  Fig. 
11. 

Upper  horizontal 
inward  circle,  the  re- 
verse. 

Lower  horizontal 
outward  circle. 

Lower  horizontal 
inward  circle,  the  re- 
verse. 

These  last  wrist 
circles  may  be  made 
with  the  arms  ex- 
tended sidewise. 


Fig.  11. 


61 


MEDICINE   BALL. 

The  medicine  ball  is  round,  about  one  foot  in  di- 
ameter, filled  with  hair  or  some  soft  material,  cov- 
ered with  leather,  and  weighs  from  four  to  seven 
pounds. 

At  attention,  at  a  halt  or  moving,  ball  is  carried 
under  right  arm ;  at  command  ready,  the  left  foot 
is  carried  about  eighteen  inches  to  the  left — the 
straddle  position — legs  straight,  feet  flat  on  ground ; 
each  man  having  a  ball  carries  it  in  front  of  body, 
both  hands  holding  ball,  arms  straight. 

In  most  of  the  exercises  the  legs  remain  straight 
and  feet  flat  on  ground,  the  body  turning  on  the 
hips. 

After  learning  the  following  exercises  they  will 
be  executed  rapidly  without  the  numbers ;  rapidity 
is  important  in  this  drill. 

Exercises. 

One  Ball  fo  Every  Two  Men. 

Men  are  formed  in  two  ranks  faciDg  one  another, 
with  intervals  of  about  two  paces  and  distance  of 
about  three,  each  front-rank  man  with  a  ball.  File 
closers  act  together  on  the  flanks. 

Take  position  ready. 


62 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2. 


Eight  (or  left) 
shoulder,  pass.  —  At 
first  command  front 
rank  carries  ball  to 
right  shoulder,  right 
arm  close  to  side,  left 
hand  in  front  of  ball, 
body  turning  on  hips, 
Fig.  1 ;  at  pass,  ball 
is  pushed  with  right 
arm  to  right  shoulder 
of  rear  rank. 

2.  Rear  rank  re- 
turns ball  similarly 
to  right  shoulder  of 
front  rank. 

Right  to  left  shoul- 
der, pass  (or,  Left  to 
right  shoulder,  pass). 
— At  first  command 
ball  is  carried  to  right 
shoulder ;  at  pass  is 
pushed  to  the  left 
shoulder  of  rear  rank, 
who  carries  it  across 
body  to  right  shoul- 
der. 

2.  Ball  is  pushed  to 
left  shoulder  of  front 
rank,  who  carries  it  to 
right  shoulder. 

Eight  (or  left)  side, 
pass. — At  first  com- 
mand ball  is  carried 
to   right   side,   under 


G3 


right  arm,  body  turning  on  hips,  Fig.  2  ;  at  pass,  ball 
is  curled  to  right  side  of  rear  rank,  who  catches  it 
with  right  arm. 

2.  Ball  is  curled  to  right  side  of  front  rank. 

Right  to  left  side,  pass  (or,  Left  to  right  side, 
pass). — At  first  command  ball  is  carried  to  right  side ; 
at  pass  it  is  curled  to 
left  side  of  rear  rank, 
who  catches  it  with 
left  arm  and  carries  it 
across  body  to  right 
arm. 

2.  Ball  is  curled  to 
left  side  of  front  rank, 
who  carries  it  to  right 
side. 

Right  (or  left)  toe, 
roll. — At  first  com- 
mand ball  is  carried 
to  right  side  ;  at  roll 
it  is  rolled  on  floor  to 
right  toe  of  rear  rank, 
who  snaps  it  up  with 
the  toe  and  catches  it 
with  right  arm. 

2.  Ball  is  rolled  to  right  toe  of  front  rank,  who 
snaps  up  ball  as  above  described. 

Right  side  to  left  toe,  roll  (or,  Left  side  to  right 
toe,  roll). — Explains  itself — namely,  ball  rolled  to 
left  toe,  snapped  up,  caught  in  left  arm,  passed  to 
right,  rolled  to  left  toe  of  front  rank,  etc. 

Overhead,  pass. — At  first  command  ball  is  carried 
overhead,  arms  straight,  back  hollowed,  eyes  on  ball, 
Fig.  3  ;  at  pass,  ball  is  thrown  parallel  to  floor  to  rear 
rank,  so  that  it  is  caught  in  overhead  position 


Fig.  3. 


64 


2.  Ball  is  returned  to  front  rank  similarly. 
Between  legs,  pass. — At  first   command   ball  is 
carried  between  legs,  legs  straight,  Fig.  4 ;  at  pass, 
ball  is  thrown  parallel  to  floor  to  rear  rank,  who 
catches  ball  between  legs. 

2.  Ball  is  returned  to  front  rank  similarly. 
Overhead  and  between  legs,  pass. — At  first  com- 
mand ball  is  carried 
to  overhead  position ; 
at  pass  it  is  thrown 
to  overhead  of  rank, 
who  swings  it  down 
between  legs. 

2.  Ball  is  thrown  to 
between  legs  of  front 
rank,  who  swings  it 
to  overhead  position. 
Between  legs  and 
overhead,  pass. — Sim- 
ilarly executed. 

Close  ranks  to  one 
pace,  facing  one  an- 
other. 

Head,    pass.  —  At 
first  command  ball  is 
raised    to    height    of 
forehead ;  at  pass,  ball  is  patted  back  and  forth  be- 
tween front  and  rear  ranks. 

Ball  is  not  caught  in  this  exercise. 
Face  front  rank  about. 

Overhead,  pass. — At  pass,  ball  is  dropped  over- 
head to  rear  rank,  who  rolls  it  on  floor  between  legs 
of  front  rank  ;  front  rank  picks  up  ball  and  drops  it 
overhead,  etc.     Legs  remain  nearly  straight. 
Face  ranks  about  and  give  same  exercise. 


Fig.  4. 


65  ^  OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 


One  Ball  to  Each  Matt'^LilSSS^ 


Ranks  facing  one  another  at  intervals  of  two  and 
distance  of  three  paces. 

Bight  to  left  shoulder,  pass  (or,  Left  to  right 
shoulder,  pass). — At  first  command  balls  are  carried 
to  right  shoulders  ;  at  pass  they  are  pushed  to  left 
shoulders  and  carried  across  bodies  to  right  shoulders. 

2.  Pushed  to  left  shoulders  and  carried  to  right. 

Bight  to  left  side,  pass  (or,  Left  to  right  side, 
pass). — Explains  itself  from  what  is  given  above. 

Overhead  and  between  legs,  pass. — At  first  com- 
mand front  rank  carries  ball  overhead,  rear  rank 
between  legs ;  at  pass,  front  rank  throws  ball  to 
overhead  of  rear  rank,  who  swings  ball  down  be- 
tween legs,  rear  rank  throws  to  between  legs  of 
front  rank,  who  swings  ball  overhead,  etc. 

Between  legs  and  overhead,  pass.  — Similarly  exe- 
cuted. 

Face  front  rank  about  and  close  to  one  pace. 

Overhead,  pass. — Similar  to  that  for  one  ball. 
Rear  rank  rolls  his  balls  between  legs  of  front  rank 
as  front  rank  drops  his  balls  overhead. 

Each  man  having  a  ball,  or  every  two  having 
one,  and  with  same  intervals  and  distance  and  mov- 
ing at  a  quick  or  double  time,  or  at  a  run,  forward, 
to  the  rear  or  by  the  flank,  at  the  command  pass,  the 
balls  are  passed  between  each  front  and  rear  rank 
man,  the  balls  being  thrown  and  caught  in  any  con- 
venient manner. 

Being  formed  in  a  circle,  facing  inward  or  out- 
ward, with  about  five  paces  intervals. 

Bight  (or  left),  pass. — Balls  are  passed  around 
circle. 

Same  exercise  sitting  on  floor. 


66 


RUNNING. 

The  drill  in  running  will  first  be  without  arms  or 
accouterments  ;  after  some  practice  the  piece  may  be 
added,  being  carried  in  different  positions. 

Running  with  the  knapsack  or  a  heavy  load  will 
be  but  rarely  indulged  in.  The  men  will  be  taught 
to  run  entirely  on  the  ball  of  the  foot,  striking  the 
ground  lightly  and  thus  acquiring  a  graceful  and 
springy  step,  the  ball  of  the  foot  being  a  natural 
springboard.  Never  allow  running  on  the  flat  foot ; 
it  is  a  heavy  and  awkward  way  of  running,  and  on 
rough  ground  sprained  ankles  are  sure  to  result. 

The  drill  will  not  be  given  too  often  and  the  run 
at  first  will  be  made  short,  increasing  it  from  drill  to 
drill.  Commencing  slowly,  let  the  pace  be  increased 
up  to  the  middle  of  the  run  and  then  gradually  de- 
creased. Spurts  may  be  indulged  in  during  the  run 
for  short  distances,  but  not  until  the  men  are  in  good 
condition.  When  men,  especially  young  men,  fall 
out  after  a  short  run  their  condition  should  be  no- 
ticed and  an  examination  made.  Men  showing  any 
sign  of  heart  trouble  ought  not  to  be  allowed  to  run 
and  will  be  reported  to  the  surgeon.  Soldiers  some- 
times have  temporary  ailments  which  render  them 
unfit  for  the  gymnastic  drill,  but  which  do  not  in- 
capacitate them  for  ordinary  duty.  Such  men  may 
for  the  time  being  be  excused  from  the  gymnastic 
drill. 


67 

In  connection  with  instruction  in  running,  sprint- 
ing and  hurdling  may  be  practiced ;  they  are  treated 
of  under  the  head  of  Track  Events. 

It  is  necessary  to  breathe  deeply  from  the  com- 
mencement of  the  run  so  that  the  lungs  will  be 
sooner  brought  into  full  play.  It  would  be  well  to 
practice  the  men  in  abdominal  breathing,  so  as  to 
teach  them  better  control  of  their  lungs.  This  is  the 
natural  way  of  breathing — as  one  would  breathe  in 
lying  down.  Let  the  lungs  be  slowly  filled  with  air, 
meanwhile  forcing  the  stomach  well  forward  so  that 
the  lower  part  of  the  lungs  are  first  filled,  then  expel 
the  air  forcibly  by  pressing  the  stomach  inward  and 
upward  against  the  lower  part  of  the  lungs.  This  is 
the  same  principle  as  in  forcing  air  from  a  football 
with  its  aperture  at  the  top,  the  pressure  being  made 
on  the  lower  portion  of  the  ball. 

This  exercise  can  be  facilitated  by  placing  the 
hands  on  the  stomach  and  forcing  it  inward  and  up- 
ward in  expelling  the  air.  The  lungs  are  filled  slow- 
ly and  emptied  forcibly.  The  full  capacity  of  the 
lungs  will  thus  sooner  come  into  play  and  it  will  be 
found  that  regularity  in  this  exercise  will  increase 
the  expansion.  The  only  object  in  breathing  entirely 
through  the  nose  is  to  prevent  dust  and  other  irritat- 
ing particles  from  settling  in  the  throat  and  making 
it  dry,  but  in  severe  running,  especially  in  racing, 
the  mouth  will  have  to  be  kept  open,  as  the  volume 
of  air  taken  in  and  expelled  is  too  great  for  the  mouth 
to  be  closed.  All  runners  of  the  present  day  never 
think  of  breathing  entirely  through  the  nose. 


68 


WALL  SCALING. 

If  no  facilities  for  wall  scaling  exist  at  a  post,  a 
wall  of  almost  any  height  may  be  built  of  heavy 
boarding.  Such  a  wall  should  be  about  four  feet 
across  the  top,  boarded  on  top  and  sides,  and  well 
braced.  To  insure  stability  the  bottom  of  the  wall 
should  be  a  little  wider  than  the  top,  the  sides  of 
the  wall  making  a  slight  variation  from  the  vertical 
lines.  Strips  of  boarding  two  or  three  inches  in 
width  and  thickness  and  with  a  groove  on  the  inner 
side,  so  that  the  hand  can  obtain  a  firm  grip,  should 
be  firmly  nailed  on  each  top  edge  of  the  wall.  It 
will  be  found  more  convenient  to  make  a  wall  in  sec- 
tions, from  twelve  to  twenty  feet  in  length,  depend- 
ing on  the  height. 

Wall  Seven  to  Ten  Feet  in  Height. 

Such  a  wall  will  be  scaled  without  apparatus. 
Two  methods  of  scaling  are  prescribed.  The  drill 
will  first  be  without  arms.  Men  have  intervals  of 
about  one  pace ;  each  front  and  rear  rank  man  act 
together,  file  closers  on  the  flanks,  heavier  men  in 
rear  rank. 

First  Method. 

Prepare  to  scale,  scale. — At  first  command,  front 
rank  runs  rapidly  toward  the  wall,  places  his  back 
to  wall  and  takes  position  with  feet  separated  about 


69 


fifteen  inches,  knees 
bent,  fingers  inter- 
laced, palms  upward, 
forearms  on  thighs, 
body  erect  on  hips, 
mnscles  set ;  hands 
should  not  be  higher 
than  two  feet  from 
the  ground  and 
should  be  held  near 
body,  Fig.  1 ;  at  scale, 
rear  rank  steps  for- 
ward, places  left  foot 
on  step  made  by 
hands  of  front  rank, 
places  hands  on  his 
shoulders,  raises  him- 
self on  step,  stiffens 
muscles  of  left  leg, 
places  right  foot  on 
left  shoulder  of  front 
rank,  Fig.  2,  follows 
with  left  foot  on  right 
shoulder,  rises  and 
grasps  top  of  wall 
with  both  hands,  and 
surmounts  wall ;  at 
same  time  front  rank 
straightens  legs  and 
assists  man  up.  If 
necessary,  the  front 
rank  raises  the  rear 
rank  farther  up  by 
placing  his  hands  un- 
der  the   feet  of   the 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2. 


70 


man  on  his  shoulders.  After  reaching  top  of  wall 
the  rear  rank  lies  down  with  breast  to  wall,  left  hand 
and  left  heel  grasping  the  opposite  coping,  and  ex- 
tends right  arm  down  to  front  rank,  who  is  assisted 
up.  In  assisting  the  man  up  the  hands  should  not  be 
clasped,  but  each  should  grasp  the  other's  wrist. 
Front  rank,  followed  by  rear  rank,  then  jump  down 
on  other  side  of  wall.  To  guide  the  jumper  and  to 
break  the  fall,  let  the  left  hand  rest  momentarily  on 
top  edge  of  wall  during  the  descent. 

Second  Method. 

This  is  the  best  and  quickest  method.      If  the 
front  rank  be  unable  to  surmount  the  wall  in  the 

manner  described  be- 
low, let  him  use  the 
means  employed  in 
the  first  method. 

Prepare  to  scale, 
scale. — At  first  com- 
mand, front  rank  runs 
forward  and  takes  po- 
sition as  in  the  first 
method,  Fig.  1 ;  at 
scale,  rear  rank  runs 
forward  and  without 
stopping  in  the  run 
places  left  foot  on 
step  formed  by  hands 
of  front  rank,  and  is 
thrown  upward  to 
top  of  wall,  Fig.  o ; 
this  is  similar  to  the 
method  of  throwing  a  man  upward  in  tumbling.  It 
requires  a  quick  setting  of  the  muscles  of  tile  left 


Fig.  3. 


71 


leg  after  putting  foot  on  step  and  quick  straighten- 
ing of  the  legs  by  the  front  rank  and  a  vigorous  up- 
ward lift ;  the  forearms  of  the  front  rank  do  not 
leave  the  thighs  until  just  as  the  legs  are  straight- 
ened.   In  this  manner 
there  is  united  action 
of  the  muscles  of  the 
legs,  body,  and  arms. 
After    a   little    prac- 
tice   a    man    can    be 
thrown    to    a    much 
greater   height    than 
when     standing     on 
the  shoulders.    Front 
rank  then  runs  back 
to   get   a  start,   runs 
toward  wall,  springs 
well  up,  throws   left 
foot  high  up  on  wall, 
gives   right   hand   to 
that     of     rear     rank 
(grasping  each  other's 
wrists),  and  is  assist- 
ed to  top  of  wall ;  rear  rank  is  well  braced  on  top 
of   wall,   right   foot   forward,    right    arm    extended 
downward,  Fig.   4.      Simply  the   foot  of   the  front 
rank  need  touch  the  wall  in  ascending,  it  being  the 
object  to  keep  the  body  away  from  the  wall.     The 
descent  is  made  as  in  first  method. 

With  rifle  in  the  above  two  methods,  at  the  com- 
mand prepare  to  scale,  front-rank  man  takes  rifle 
from  rear  rank  and  rests  both  rifles  against  wall  to 
his  left,  then  turns  left  about  and  takes  position  for 
scaling  ;  after  rear  rank  goes  up  the  rifles  are  passed 
up  to  him  by  front  rank.     In  descending,  the  piece 


Fig.  4. 


72 

is  held  in  right  hand  at  the  balance,  piece  hori- 
zontal. 

Instead  of  the  rear  rank  using  left  foot  in  step- 
ping on  hands  of  front  rank,  the  right  foot  may  be 
used,  men  being  cautioned  beforehand. 

High  Wall. 

This  is  a  wall  from  fifteen  to  twenty-five  feet  in 
height.  It  may  be  scaled  by  means  of  apparatus  or 
without. 

With  Apparatus. 

The  inclined  ladder,  inclined  plank,  and  ropes  or 
poles,  suspended  in  front  of  wall,  may  be  used. 

Follow  the  methods  prescribed  for  climbing  with 
such  apparatus. 

If  the  wall  have  a  wooden  front,  holes  may  be 
cut  in  the  boarded  front  of  wall  about  four  inches 
long,  three  inches  high,  eighteen  inches  apart  in 
width,  and  nine  inches  apart  in  height.  Blocks  may 
be  screwed  to  face  of  wall,  about  three  inches  thick, 
four  inches  wide,  eighteen  inches  apart  in  width, 
and  nine  inches  apart  in  height ;  also  horizontal 
grooves  made  about  one  inch  deep,  two  inches  wide, 
eighteen  inches  long,  and  nine  inches  apart  in 
height. 

The  methods  of  climbing  by  means  of  holes, 
blocks,  and  grooves  naturally  suggest  themselves 
from  what  is  given  for  the  inclined  ladder. 

Without  Apparatus  or  by  Mutual  Support. 

The  man  first  surmounting  wall  carries  a  coil  of 
rope  fastened  to  his  back,  or  one  may  be  thrown  up 
to  him  ;  gunslings  or  parts  of  the  soldiers'  garments 
tied  together  may  be  used  in  lieu  of  a  rope. 


73 

Using  Three  Tiers. — This  requires  six  men  and  a 
squad  leader. 

For  convenience  in  description  take  men  in  two 
ranks,  the  heaviest  men  in  the  front  rank,  lighter 
and  more  active  in  rear  rank. 

Prepare  to  scale,  scale. — At  first  command,  front 
rank  forms  first  tier  as  follows :  No.  2  back  toward 
wall,  No.  1  on  his  left,  No.  3  on  his  right  (left  and 
right  of  No.  2  as  he  now  faces)  ;  all  interlace  arms, 
right  arm  above  left  of  adjoining  man,  hands  against 
backs  of  adjoining  men,  shoulders  nearly  touching, 
feet  separated,  body  well  braced  ;  squad  leader  takes 
place  back  of  Nos.  1  and  2  and  takes  position  for 
throwing  No.  1  rear  rank  on  shoulders  of  Nos.  1  and 
2  front  rank ;  No.  3  rear  rank  takes  corresponding 
position  back  of  Nos.  2  and  3  front  rank  to  throw 
up  No.  2  rear  rank  on  shoulders  of  Nos.  2  and  3 
front  rank,  Fig.  5 ;  at  scale,  Nos.  1  and  2  rear  rank 
are  thrown  up  to  their  positions ;  balls  of  their  feet 
rest  on  shoulders  near  the  neck.  The  squad  leader 
then  throws  up  No.  3  rear  rank,  whose  left  foot 
steps  on  hands  of  squad  leader,  right  foot  on  left 
shoulder  of  No.  1  front  rank,  left  foot  on  stirrup 
formed  by  hands  of  men  on  second  tier,  Fig.  6,  and 
he  is  thus  raised  upward  to  top  of  wall.  No.  3  rear 
rank  now  throws  one  end  of  the  rope  to  the  second- 
tier  men,  who  hold  it  while  he  makes  the  descent  on 
opposite  side  of  wall.  After  descending  he  fastens 
rope  to  any  object  available  or  else  makes  loop 
about  body  and  braces  himself  against  bottom  of 
wall.  The  others  now  ascend  and  descend  by  means 
of  the  rope  ;  the  last  man  on  wall  can  drop  into  the 
arms  of  his  companions.  When  carrying  the  piece, 
at  first  command  all  pieces  are  placed  against  the 
wall ;  after  No.  3  rear  rank  has  gained  top  of  wall, 


74 

pieces  are  passed  by  squad  leader  to  second  tier  men 
and  to  No.  3,  who  lays  them  on  top  of  wall.  Before 
descending,  each  man  slings  rifle  on  back,  the  slings 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  6. 


76 

having  been  loosened  beforehand.  To  save  time  the 
pieces  of  the  first  tier  and  squad  leader  need  not  be 
passed  up,  but  slung  on  back  before  climbing  the 
rope.  If  no  slings  are  available  the  pieces  can  be 
passed  up  and  afterward  dropped  to  men  on  opposite 
side  of  wall.  To  facilitate  the  scaling,  one  or  two 
men,  after  reaching  top  of  wall,  may  remain  there, 
assisting  the  others  in  the  ascent  and  descent ;  also 
No.  3  rear  rank  should  be  assisted  in  holding  the  rope. 

Using  Four  Tiers. — This  requires  nine  men  and 
a  squad  leader.  Let  them  be  arranged  in  two  ranks 
as  before,  No.  4  rear  rank  being  vacant. 

Prepare  to  scale,  scale. — At  first  command  Nos. 
1,  2,  3,  and  4  front  rank  form  first  tier,  right  forearm 
of  No.  1  and  left  forearm  of  No.  4  resting  against 
wall,  the  four  men  forming  an  arc  facing  wall ; 
squad  leader  and  Nos.  3  and  5  rear  rank  take  posi- 
tion for  throwing  Nos.  1  and  2  rear  and  5  front  rank 
on  shoulders  of  Nos.  1  and  2,  2  and  3,  3  and  4,  re- 
spectively, front  rank ;  at  scale,  second  tier  is  thrown 
into  position  ;  squad  leader  then  throws  up  No.  5  rear 
rank,  who  climbs  on  top  of  shoulders  of  Nos.  5  and  2 
second  tier,  and  next  throws  up  No.  3  rear  rank,  who 
takes  place  on  shoulders  of  Nos.  2  and  1  second  tier ; 
No.  5  third  tier  then  makes  step  by  placing  right 
hand  on  upper  leg,  No.  3  third  tier  places  left  foot  in 
step  and  is  raised  to  top  of  wall,  Fig.  7.  Using  the 
piece,  the  same  principles  are  followed  as  with  three 
tiers.  It  is  not  deemed  advisable  to  attempt  more 
than  four  tiers  of  men  in  wall  scaling.  In  Fig.  7  the 
position  of  the  feet  of  some  of  the  men  of  second  and 
third  tiers  is  not  as  prescribed.  The  rapidity  of  the 
formation,  the  nature  of  the  ground,  and  being  at  the 
corner  of  the  walls  are  the  causes  of  the  variations, 
and  each  man  assumes  the  position  most  stable  for 


Fig.  7. 


78 

him  for  the  particular  time.  The  camera  caught  the 
group  instantaneously  just  at  that  point  in  the  ascent. 

In  scaling  by  mutual  support,  great  care  should 
be  exercised  and  the  men  gradually  instructed  until 
they  become  proficient  in  all  the  details,  and  thus 
acquire  confidence  in  themselves.  After  the  men 
have  become  expert,  it  is  not  necessary  to  give  them 
assistance  in  mounting  the  shoulders. 

If  more  than  four  tiers  of  men  should  be  tried, 
follow  the  general  method  given  for  four  tiers. 

Another  Method,  using  Four  Tiers. 

When  the  men  have  become  expert  in  building 
pyramids,  the  following  is  a  quick  method  of  scaling 
a  wall  by  using  four  tiers — eight  men  are  sufficient : 
At  the  command  scale,  the  rifles  are  laid  together  in 
a  row  on  the  ground  near  the  wall.  The  first  three 
tiers  form  according  to  the  three-tier  method,  Fig. 
6 ;  the  third-tier  man  carries  a  one-quarter  or  three- 
eighths  inch  rope  on  his  back  or  around  his  waist. 
Then  a  light  and  active  man  goes  up  the  pyramid 
and  forms  the  fourth  tier,  and  is  assisted  to  the  top 
of  the  wall  by  the  third- tier  man.  The  fourth  tier 
man  carries  the  climbing  rope — an  inch  and  an 
eighth  or  an  inch  and  a  quarter — one  end  being  tied 
around  his  waist.  This  rope  he  fastens  or  holds 
after  surmounting  the  wall.  As  soon  as  the  third- 
tier  man  surmounts,  the  wall  he  drops  the  small 
rope  to  the  extra  man  on  the  ground.  The  rope  is 
passed  through  the  gun- slings  and  the  end  fastened 
to  the  hanging  portion  of  the  rope,  so  that  the  rifles 
can  then  be  all  pulled  up  together  as  soon  as  there 
are  sufficient  men  on  the  top  of  the  wall  to  raise 
them.  The  descent  of  the  squad  to  the  other  side 
of  the  wall  naturally  suggests  itself. 


79 


APPARATUS   WORK. 

The  work  on  apparatus  demands  a  corps  of  assist- 
ants who  should  be  non-commissioned  officers,  and 
who  should  be  especially  instructed  in  their  duties. 

Any  squad  exercising  on  any  one  apparatus 
should  not  exceed  twelve  men,  aud  not  until  the 
men  have  become  proficient  in  most  of  the  exercises 
should  they  be  allowed  to  exercise  at  will. 

A  number  of  exercises  are  laid  down  for  each  ap- 
paratus ;  the  simpler  should  be  given  first,  gradually 
leading  up  to  the  more  difficult.  Instructors  should 
go  through  each  exercise,  being  followed  by  the  men 
from  the  right  of  each  squad,  who,  upon  completion 
of  their  work,  take  position  on  the  left ;  the  instruct- 
or should  endeavor  to  instill  confidence  in  the  men, 
exercising  care  to  prevent  accidents. 

The  usual  commands  for  exercising  on  apparatus 
are  ready,  upon  which  the  starting  position  is  as- 
sumed ;  exercise,  which  starts  the  execution ;  halt 
stops  the  execution  of  any  movement ;  down,  the 
command  for  dismounting  from  or  leaving  the  ap- 
paratus. 

In  such  an  exercise  as  climbing  the  commands 
may  be  ready,  climb,  halt,  dowx. 

Exercises  are  performed  sideicise,  along  the  ap- 
paratus, or  across  it. 

A  side  position  is  one  in  which  a  line  drawn 
through   the   shoulders   of  the   gymnast  would  be 


80 

parallel  to  the  length  of  the  apparatus,  as  side  hang, 
Fig.  1  a,  horizontal  bar. 

A  cross  position  is  one  in  which  that  line  is  per- 
pendicular to  the  length  of  the  apparatus,  as  cross 
hang,  Fig.  2  b,  horizontal  bar. 

The  following  list  of  terms,  with  explanations7 
will  assist  the  instructor  in  his  work  : 

"Front"  means  that  the  face  of  the  gymnast  is 
toward  the  apparatus. 

"  Back/'  that  his  back  is  toward  it. 

In  case  neither  front  nor  back  is  mentioned,  the 
former  is  meant. 

"  Ordinary  grasp,"  knuckles  are  turned  toward  the 
face  or  toward  their  own  side,  Fig.  1  a,  horizontal  bar. 

"  Reverse  grasp,"  knuckles  are  away  from  face, 
Fig.  10  a,  horizontal  bar. 

"  Combined  grasp,"  one  hand  in  "  ordinary  "  and 
other  in  "  reverse  "  grasp,  Fig.  8  a,  horizontal  bar. 

If  no  grasp  is  mentioned,  the  ordinary  is  meant. 

"Rest"  or  "straight-arm  rest,"  body  is  sup- 
ported with  straight  arms,  Fig.  1  a,  parallel  bars. 

"  Bent-arm  rest,"  supported  with  bent  arms,  Fig. 
2  b,  parallel  bars. 

"  Arm  hang,"  hanging  by  upper  arms,  Fig.  0  b, 
parallel  bars. 

"  Knee  circle,"  circle  from  one  knee  with  help  of 
hands,  Fig.  5  b,  horizontal  bar. 

"  Seat  circle,"  both  knees  and  help  of  hands. 

"  Hock  circle,"  one  or  both  knees  without  hands. 

Jumps,  Mounts,  and  Vaults. 

"Flank,"  body  is  thrown  to  the  side  without  a 
turn,  Fig.  7,  horse. 

"  Front,"  body  makes  a  quarter  turn  inward  to- 
ward the  apparatus,  Fig.  8,  horse. 


"  Rear/'  body  makes  a  quarter  turn  outward 
away  from  apparatus,  Fig.  9,  horse. 

"Squat,"  knees  drawn  up  to  chest,  Fig.  1,  horse. 

"Straddle,"  legs  extended,  wide  apart,  Fig.  5, 
horse. 

"  Wolf,"  one  leg  is  in  squatting  position  and  other 
straddles  sidewise,  Fig.  4,  horse. 

"  Feint,"  one  or  both  legs  are  circled  around  one 
arm,  but  do  not  pass  under  hand  and  are  brought 
back  to  or  through  original  position,  Fig.  10,  horse. 


82 


HORIZONTAL  BAR 

This  is  a  bar  of  wood  or  iron,  preferably  of  wood, 
one  and  a  half  or  two  inches  in  diameter,  at  least  six 
feet  in  length,  and  of  sufficient  height  from  floor  to 
require  a  jump  upward  to  reach  it. 

I.  Exercises  Hanging  by  Hands. 

Many  of  these  exercises  can  be  practiced  on  the 
bar  by  two  or  three  at  a  time.     When  the  nature  of 

the  exercise  permits, 

a  o  *■  ' 

it  should  be  practiced 
with  all  of  the  differ- 
ent grasps. 

1.  Repeated  jumps 
to  side  hang,  Fig.  1  a, 
or  cross  hang,  Fig.  2  b, 
arms  straight  or  bent. 

2.  The  same,  rais- 
ing legs  slowly  to 
horizontal  position, 
held  together  and  ex- 
tended. 

3.  In  side  or  cross 
hang,  arms  straight, 
rise  slowly  to  bent- 
arm  hang  and  return 
slowly    to    straight- 

Fio.  i.  arm  hang. 


83 


4.  Same  as  3,  ex- 
cept one  band  grasps 
bar,  free  hand  grasp- 
ing wrist,  Fig.  3  b, 
forearm,  or  upper 
arm. 

5.  In  side  bang, 
arms  straight  or 
bent, 

a.  Release  grasp  of 
both  hands,  with 
clapping  of  hands. 

b.  Release  grasp  with 
change  of  grasp — 
for  instance,  ordi- 
nary to  reverse,  or 
vice  versa. 

c.  Travel  along  bar, 
one  hand  after  the 
other. 

d.  Travel  with  one 
hand  crossing  the 
other. 

e.  Travel  both  hands 
together,  hopping. 

/.  These  traveling  ex- 
ercises with  knees 
raised  or  legs  hori- 
zontal. 
0.  In    side    hang, 
arms  straight,  swing 
forward    and    back- 
ward    in     ordinary 
grasp  and 


Fig.  3. 


84 


a.  Release  one  or  both,  hands  momentarily  at 
end  of  each  back  swing. 

b.  Travel  sidewise,  one  hand  after  the  other. 

c.  Change  to  reverse  grasp  at  end  of  each 
front  swing,  then  to  ordinary  grasp  in 
each  back  swing,  or  combined  grasp  in 
each  front  and  back  swing. 

d.  At  end  of  front  swing  make  one  half  turn, 
one  hand  retaining  grasp,  other  hand  tak- 
ing ordinary  grasp  on  other  side  of  bar. 

e.  The  same,  except  both  hands  release  grasp 
and  take  ordinary  grasp  on  other  side  of 
bar. 

7.  In  cross  hang,  arms  straight  or  bent, 

a.  Travel  forward 
or  backward,  one 
hand  after  the 
other  or  past  each 
other,  Fig.  3  a. 

b.  Travel,  both  hands 
together,  hopping. 

c.  Swing  on  bar,  re- 
leasing hands  mo- 
mentarily at  end  of 
swing. 

8.  In   side    hang, 
arms  straight, 

a.  Raise  legs  slowly 
forward  and  up- 
ward until  insteps 
touch  bar,  legs 
straight    or    bent, 

Fig.  4.  Fig.  2  a. 

b.  The  same,  except 
pass  legs  between  arms  and  under  bar  and   make 


85 


a  complete  turn 
over  backward 
with  body,  Fig.  4  a, 
thence  slowly  back 
to  starting  position. 

c.  The  same,  except 
after  turning  over 
release  one  hand, 
when  a  complete 
turn  of  the  body  to 
the  starting  posi- 
tion naturally  fol- 
lows. 

d.  Turn  over  as  be- 
fore to  the  hang 
on  both  knees,  Fig. 
4  5. 

e.  Turn  over  to  posi- 
tion head  hanging 
downward,  body 
and  legs  in  a  ver- 
tical line,  Fig.  5  a. 

f.  Swing  in  above 
turn  -  over  posi- 
tions. 

g.  Pass  legs  between 
hands  under  bar 
and  assume  posi- 
tion of  back  lever, 
Fig.  6  a. 


Fig.  6. 


a  b 


h.  Pass  legs  back  to 
front  lever,  Fig. 
7  a. 


II.  Exercises  in  Up- 
per-Arm Hang 
and  Rests. 

1.  In  side  hang, 
ordinary  grasp,  Fig. 
1  a, 

a.  Pull  up  to  hang 
on  either  arm  or 
both,  Fig.  8  b,  and 
swing  on  either 
arm  or  both,  hands 
free  or  clasping 
bar. 

b.  Pull  up  to  bent- 
arm  rest  on  one  or 
both  arms,  Fig.  1  b. 


Fig.  8. 


87 


c.  Pull  up  to  bent- 
arm  rest  on  one 
arm,  turn  back  to 
bar,  and  assume 
back  bent-arm  rest, 
Fig.  9  a,  thence 
to  back  straight- 
arm  rest ;  descend, 
reversing  move- 
ments. 

d.  Pull  to  upper-arm 
hang,  pass  to  bent- 
arm  rest,  and  then 
to  straight  -  arm 
rest,  Fig.  9  6;  de- 
scend, reversing 
movements. 

2.  In  straight- arm 
rest  reverse  grasp, 
form  lever  over  bar, 
using  one  or  both 
arms,  Fig.  10  a. 

3.  The  upstart. 
Swing,  and  at  end  of 
front  swing,  raise 
feet  quickly  until  in- 
steps touch  bar,  arms 
and  legs  straight, 
Fig.  '2  a,  shoot  legs 
quickly  forward, 
and  swing  upon  bar 
to 

a  Upper-arm  hang, 
on  one  or  both 
arms,  Fig.  8  b. 


Fig.  10. 


88 

b.  Bent-arm  rest,  Fig.  1  b. 

c.  Straight-arm  rest,  Fig.  9  b. 

4.  Upstart  with  circling  of  right  or  left  leg  on 
right  or  left  side  of  hands,  or  one  or  both  legs  be- 
tween hands,  or  straddle  outside  of  hands.  Just  as 
the  insteps  are  to  touch  bar  in  the  swing  the  desired 
circle  is  commenced. 

5.  Upstart  with  combined  grasp  and  arms  crossed. 
A  half  turn  is  made  at  end  of  back  swing  and  imme- 
diate upstart  without  further  swing. 

6.  The  uprise.  Swing  forward  and  backward 
with  ordinary  grasp  and 

a.  Bend  and  straighten  arms  at  end  of  each 

back  swing. 

b.  Pull  up  to  upper-arm  hang  at  end  of  back 

swing,  Fig.  8  b. 

c.  To  bent-arm  rest,  Fig.  1  b. 

d.  To  straight-arm  rest,  Fig.  9  b. 

7.  Upstart  and  uprise  can  be  combined  with  vari- 
ous squatting,  straddle  and  flank  vaults  over  bar,  or 
seats  on  bar ;  also  combined  with  the  various  circles. 

III.  Circles  at,  on,  or  around  Bar. 

1.  From  side-hang  circle  on  bar, 

a.  With  both  legs  to  straight-arm  rest,  Fig.  9  b. 

b.  With  right  or  left  leg  on  right  or  left  of 

hands,   Fig.   5  b,  or   either  leg  between 
hands. 

2.  In  above  positions  on  bar,  circle  forward  or 
backward,  using  proper  grasp. 

3.  Seat  circle  forward  or  backward,  hands  be- 
tween or  outside  of  legs. 

4.  Hock  circle  backward  on  both  knees,  Fig.  10  b, 
or  either  knee,  other  leg  thrown  over  foreleg  of 
circling  leg. 


89 

5.  Riding  seat,  circle  in  either  direction,  Fig.  7  b. 

6.  Upper  arm  hang,  circle  forward,  Fig.  8  b. 

7.  Elbow  hang  back  to  bar,  circle  forward  or 
backward,  Fig.  6  b. 

8.  Back  bent-arm  rest,  circle,  Fig.  9  a. 

9.  Back  straight-arm  rest,  circle. 

10.  Giant  circle  forward  or  backward.  Arms  are 
kept  extended. 

Combine  any  movements  given  above.  Endeavor 
to  have  the  exercise  present  a  finished  appearance. 
When  the  nature  of  the  exercise  permits,  dismount 
from  the  bar  by  swinging  down  to  position,  Fig.  2  a, 
then  shoot  the  legs  forward  and  alight  gracefully  to 
the  front. 


90 


VAULTING  BAR. 

This  is  a  horizontal  bar  arranged  between  tip- 
rights  so  that  the  height  from  the  floor  may  be 
varied.  It  should  first  be  placed  about  four  feet 
from  floor,  and  may  then  be  gradually  raised. 

Exercises. 

1.  Stand  facing  bar,  grasp  it,  jump  upward  on 
bar,  arms  extended,  body  straight,  head  erect, 
straight-arm  rest. 

2.  Jump  to  straight-arm  rest,  carry  both  legs  to 
either  side,  legs  extended  until  at  height  of  bar. 

3.  The  same,  but  in  bringing  legs  up  to  bar  give 
a  slight  swing  and  pass  legs  over  bar  and  descend 
on  opposite  side,  facing  to  the  front. 

4.  Yault  bar  in  one  motion  as  above  described. 

5.  The  same,  using  one  hand. 

6.  Vault  on  either  side  of  hands,  bending  legs 
well,  keeping  feet  together ;  descend  facing  front. 

7.  Vault,  both  legs  passing  between  hands. 

8.  In  straddle  position. 

9.  With  one  leg  well  bent,  the  other  extended 
horizontally — the  wolf  jump. 

10.  Jump  to  straight-arm  rest,  bend  arms,  bend 
trunk  forward,  raise  legs,  passing  them  over  bar  on 
either  side,  and  descend  on  opposite  side,  facing  right 
or  left ;  front  part  of  the  body  is  always  facing  bar 
until  moment  of  alighting. 


91 

In  vaulting  the  bar  when  it  is  higher  than  the 
head,  hands  should  be  grasped  well  around  bar, 
almost  resting  on  wrists,  and  preferably  having 
thumbs  over  bar. 

11.  Jump  to  straight-arm  rest,  bend  arms,  incline 
trunk  forward,  raise  legs  directly  overhead,  and 
turn  somersault ;  alight  facing  to  the  front  or  right 
or  left. 

12.  Jump  to  straight-arm  rest,  swing  legs  well 
and  turn  somersault,  arms  remaining  straight,  and 
alight  facing  to  the  front  or  right  or  left. 


92 


JUMPING  STANDARD. 

This  consists  of  two  uprights  against  which  a 
light  rod  can  be  placed — placed  on  pegs  whose 
height  can  be  varied ;  rod  falls  from  its  place  upon 
being  struck. 

Standing  High  Jump. 

1.  Facing  standard,  jump  well  up  in  the  air  and 
over  bar,  bringing  feet  well  up  under  body. 

2.  Facing  right  or  left,  jump  upward  and  side- 
wise,  throw  body  well  over  bar,  one  leg  passing 
over  bar  after  the  other,  legs  perfectly  straight. 

Running  High  Jump. 

This  is  treated  of  under  head  of  Field  Events. 

Place  one  man  on  opposite  side  of  bar  and  near 
it  in  a  position  to  be  vaulted  over,  head  being  well 
down,  hands  on  knees,  back  rigid.  A  second  man 
takes  a  run,  jumps  from  both  feet,  places  hands  on 
man's  shoulders,  raises  legs  well  over  bar,  and  leaps 
straddle  over  his  head. 


93 


PARALLEL   BARS. 

These  are  two  parallel  bars  the  height  of  which 
is  about  that  of  the  chest  or  shoulders,  and  the  width 
between  them  being  the  average  shoulder  breadth 
of  the  soldier;  bars  should  be  fastened  to  floor,  or 
heavy  enough  to  rnake  them  stationary. 

A  small  platform,  flush  with  floor  at  one  end  and 
raised  three  or  four  inches  at  other,  should  be  at  the 
end  of  the  bars  where  the  exercises  commence. 

Some  of  the  exercises  admit  of  two  men  prac- 
ticing at  once,  one  at  each  end. 

The  following  rules  are  to  be  observed : 

Unless  the  exercise  calls  for  bending  of  legs,  they 
should  be  kept  straightened  out  and  rigid,  toes 
pointing  to  the  front,  the  trunk  and  arms  being  the 
parts  of  body  which  are  principally  exercised.  In 
dismounting  on  either  side  of  bar  always  face  front 
or  rear,  grasping  bar  with  hand  next  to  it  and  let- 
ting knees  bend  well  on  striking  floor.  In  dis- 
mounting between  bars  face  either  to  right  or  left, 
grasping  right  or  left  bar  with  right  or  left  hand, 
and  pass  out  at  end  of  bar,  never  going  under  it. 
In  dismounting  from  ends  of  bar,  if  facing  bar,  both 
hands  remain  on  it ;  if  back  is  to  bar,  face  either 
right  or  left  as  when  between  bars,  unless  nature  of 
exercise,  such  as  turning  somersaults  over  ends  of 
bars,  renders  it  imoossible. 


94 

h 


I.  Exercises  in 
Straight-  and 
Bent-Arm  Rest. 

1.  From  cross 
stand  at  end  of  bar, 
Fig.  1  b,  jump  sev- 
eral times  to  straight- 
arm  rest,  body  erect, 
head  up,  legs  to- 
gether, back  arched, 
Fig.  1  a.  In  this  po- 
sition, 

a.  Walk  on  hands 
along  bars  one  af- 
ter the  other. 

b.  Hop  with  both 
hands  at  once. 

2.  Above  exer- 
cises, using  bent-arm 
rest,  Fig.  2  b. 

3.  In  straight-arm 
rest, 

a.  Raise  legs  to  hori- 
zontal position. 

b.  Carry  them  over 
either  bar  without 
touching  bar. 

c.  Straddle  legs  one 
over  each  bar  with- 
out touching  bar. 

d.  Lower  body  to 
bent-arm  rest  and 
return — the  "  dip.'5 


Fio.  2. 


95 


II.  Swinging  Exercises  in  the  Best. 

The  swinging  at  first  should  not  be  too  high. 
Take  natural  swing,  keeping  legs  straight  and  to- 
gether, head  well  up. 

1.  Swing  in  straight-  or  bent-arm  rest,  and 

a.  Lift  hands  alternately. 

b.  Both  together. 

c.  Hop  forward  or  backward. 

d.  Throw  legs  well  up  in  forward  swing  and 

backward  swing. 

e.  Straddle  legs  when  over   bar  during  for- 

ward or  backward  swing. 

2.  Swing  in  straight-arm  rest  and  drop  to  bent- 
arm  rest  and  return  without  pause  or  jerk  to  straight- 
arm  rest. 

This  bending  of  the  arms  can  take  place 

a.  At  beginning  of  front  swing. 

b.  At  beginning  of  back  swing. 

3.  Swing  from  straight-arm  rest  to  bent-arm  rest 
and  return,  at  beginning  of  every  front  and  back 
swing,  thus  combining  the  two  movements. 

III.  Seats. 

1.  From  cross  stand  at  end  of  bars,  jump  to  the 
following  seats,  legs  swinging  up  between  bars, 
hands  in  rear  of  body  : 

a.  Both  legs  over  either  bar,  Fig.  ob. 

b.  One  leg  over  either  bar,  leg  slightly  bent. 

c.  Riding  seat  on  either  bar,  Fig.  3  a. 

d.  Straddle  seat,  Fig.  4  a. 

2.  Above  seats  by  swinging  one  leg  outside  of 
bars  and  one  between  bars,  cutting  away  the  hand 
as  leg  swings  from  outside  over  bar. 


96 


3.  The  same,  swing- 
ing both  legs  outside 
of  bars. 

4.  From  straight- 
arm  rest  in  middle  of 
bars,  swing  backward 
and  take  following 
seats,  hands  now  be- 
ing  in  front  of  body  : 

a.  Both  legs  over 
either  bar,  Fig.  4  b. 

b.  Riding  seat. 

c.  Straddle  seat. 

5.  Change  of  seats. 

a.  Without  a  swing, 
as  changing  hands 
from  behind  to  in 
front  of  body,  from 
riding  to  straddle 
seat,  straddle  seat  to 
seat  with  both  legs 
over  one  bar,  etc. 

b.  With  a  swing,  by 
swinging  forward 
to  seats  in  front  of 
hands,  or  backward 
to  seats  in  rear  of 
hands. 

c.  Face  to  the  rear, 
without  a  swing, 
as  in  Fig.  2  a,  by 
changing  from  seat 
with  both  legs  over 
one  bar  to  straddle 
seat    faced    to    the 


Fig.  4. 


97 

rear.  It  is  seen  in  Fig.  2  a  that  right 
hand  is  carried  to  left  bar  and  right  leg 
is  to  be  thrown  over  bars,  thus  making  a 
left-about  face.  Similarly  from  riding 
seat  facing  to  the  front  change  to  riding 
seat  facing  to  the  rear  on  other  bar,  etc. 
d.  Face  to  the  rear,  with  a  swing — for  exam- 
ple, swing  to  rear — as  legs  rise  above 
bars  straddle  them,  make  a  right  or  left 
turn  about  with  the  body,  and  take  strad- 
dle seat  faced  to  the  rear.  With  similar 
swing  and  turn  take  riding  seat  or  with 
both  legs  over  either  bar,  etc. 

IV.  Leg  Circles  and   Vaults. 

1.  From  cross  stand  at  end  of  bars,  take  follow- 
ing circles  over  end  and  return  to  platform  : 

a.  Either  leg  outside  or  inside  of  either  bar. 

b.  Both  legs  outside  of  either  bar. 

c.  Legs  straddling  outside  or  inside  of  bars. 

2.  Above  circles  ending  in  straight- arm  rest. 

3.  Swinging  in  straight-arm  rest  in  middle  of 
bars,  take  following  circles  of  legs,  cutting  away  one 
hand  and  then  continuing  the  swing : 

a.  Right  leg   over  right  bar  in   forward  or 

backward  swing. 

b.  Left  leg  over  left  bar  similarly. 

c.  Both   legs   over  either  bar   in  forward  or 

backward  swing. 

4.  From  cross  stand  at  end  of  bars,  take  following 
vaults,  alighting  at  side  of  bar  : 

a.  Both  legs  between  bars  over  either  side, 

Fig.  5,  the  rear  vault. 

b.  Both  legs   over  both   bars   from   right  to 

left  or  left  to  right. 


98 


Fig.  5. 


5.  Swinging  in 
straight-arm  rest  in 
middle  of  bars,  take 
the  following  vaults : 

a.  Rear  vault  in  front 
swing. 

b.  Front  vault  in  rear 
swing. 

c.  Rear  and  front 
vaults  with  half 
turn  in  alighting. 


V.  Exercises  in  Up- 
per-Arm Hang. 

1.  In    upper- arm 
hang,  Fig.  6  b, 

a.  Swing  forward 
and  backward, 
hands  grasping 
bars. 

b.  Swing,  and  in  the 
front  or  rear  swing 
mount  to  the  vari- 
ous seats  given. 

c.  Swing  up  to  bent- 
arm  rest  or 
straight-arm  rest, 
Fig.  1  a.  This  exer- 
cise in  either  the 
front  or  back 
swing. 

2.  Swing      from 
straight-arm  rest  and 


Fig.  6. 


99 


fall  back  to  arm  hang 
at  beginning  of  front 
swing,  and  pull  up 
again  to  the  rest  at 
end  of  front  swing, 
or  pull-up  may  be 
executed  at  end  of 
back  swing. 


VI.  Rolls. 

1.  Swing  in  arm 
hang  and 

a.  Bring  feet  up  over 
head  and  roll  to 
the  different  seats, 
straddle  seat,  etc. 

b.  Roll  over  to  bent- 
arm  rest. 

c.  To  straight-arm 
rest. 

d.  Roll  completely 
around  on  arm 
hang. 

2.  In  straight-arm 
rest  roll  forward  with 
shoulders  against 
bars,  Fig.  6  a, 

a.  Into  the  various 
seats  given. 

b.  The  arm  hang. 

c.  Bent-arm  rest. 

d.  Straight-arm  rest. 


Fig.  7. 


Fig.  8. 


100 


VII.  Somersaults  at  End  of  Bars. 

These  may  be  executed  from  the  different  seats 
or  swinging  in  bent-  or  straight-arm  position,  Fig.  7. 
Fig.  8  shows  the  hand  stand. 


101 


HORSE. 

The  horse  is  usually  covered  with  leather,  ar- 
ranged so  that  its  height  from  the  floor  may  be  varied. 
It  is  usually  placed  at  the  height  of  the  chest.  The 
pommels,  which  are  three  or  four  inches  in  height, 
are  removable.  A  board  like  that  described  for  the 
parallel  bars  is  generally  used. 

Exercises  from  Side  of  Horse. 

In  these  exercises  the  horse  is  so  placed  that  the 
neck  is  to  the  left  of  the  board  and  the  croup  to  the 
right,  the  side  nearest  the  board  being  called  the 
near  side  and  the  other  the  off  side. 

The  exercises  are  started  from  the  near  side ; 
they  may  be  executed  from  the  standing  position, 
grasping  the  pommels,  with  a  run,  or  from  the  rest, 
they  being  more  difficult  from  the  rest.  The  dis- 
mounting, or  end  of  an  exercise,  may  be  left  to  the 
choice  of  the  performer.  It  is  usually  on  the  board 
on  near  side  of  the  horse,  or  on  the  off  side  with 
back  to  the  starting  point,  or  one  of  the  vaults, 
flank,  front,  or  rear. 

I.  Knee  and  Squatting  Exercises. 

.     On  board  grasping  pommels,  or  with  a  run : 
1.  Jump  on  neck,  saddle,  or  croup,  and 

a.  Kneel  on  one  knee,  other  leg  straight  and 


102 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2. 


against  near  side  of 
horse  or  extended 
horizontally  back- 
ward. 

b.  On  one  knee,  other 
leg  passing  over 
horse  and  resting 
against  oft'  side. 

c.  On  both  knees. 

d.  On  both  knees  and 
release  grasp  of 
pommels  and  spring 
to  off  side. 

e.  Squat  on  one  leg, 
other  leg  against 
near  side. 

/.  Squat  on  one  leg, 
other  leg  passing 
over  horse  and  rest- 
ing against  off  side 
or  extended  horizon- 
tally forward. 

g.  Squat  on  both  legs, 
Fig.  1. 

h.  Kneel  with  one  and 
squat  with  the  other. 

2.  Knee  vault  over 
saddle,  legs  not  touch- 
ing horse. 

3.  Squatting  vault, 

a.  Over  saddle. 

b.  Over  saddle,  with 
forward  extensi  on  of 
legs  and  straighten- 
ing of  body. 


103 


c.  With  either  pommel 
between  legs. 

4.  Squat  over  saddle 
to  back  rest,  Fig.  2,  back 
bent-arm  rest,  or  ly- 
ing on  back  across  sad- 
dle. 

5.  From  back  rest, 
Fig.  2,  squat  back- 
ward, 

a.  With  one  foot  in  sad- 
dle, other  leg  against 
either  side  of  horse. 

b.  With  both  feet  in 
saddle. 

c.  To  front  rest,  Fig.  3. 

Several  exercises 
should  be  gone  through 
with  without  pause 
after  the  correct  po- 
sitions have  been 
taught. 

II.   Wolf  Jumps. 

Standing  on  board, 
or  with  a  run  : 

1.  Jump  and  squat 
with  one  leg  in  saddle 
and  extend  other  leg 
straight  over  neck  or 
croup.  Fig.  \. 

2.  Change  respective 
positions  of  legs  either 
with  a  jump  down  or 
without. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 


104 

3.  Wolf  jump  to  back  rest,  Fig.  2. 

4.  Wolf  jump  over  horse. 


III.  Straddle  Exercises. 

Standing  on  board,  or  with  a  run  : 

1.    Jump 


Fig.  5. 


to  front 
rest  with  momentary 
straddle  of  legs. 

2.  Jump  and  strad- 
dle on  horse. 

3.  Jump  to  straddle 
on  horse,  to  stand  in 
saddle,  and  then  off 
horse. 

4.  Straddle  over 
horse,  Fig.  5. 

5.  Straddle  over 
horse  to  back  rest, 
Fig.  2. 

Combine  the  knee, 
squatting,  straddle  ex- 
ercises, and  wolf  jumps 
with  or  without  a  jump 
down  on  board. 


IV.  Mounts. 

These  exercises  lead  to  the  seat  on  neck,  saddle, 
or  croup.  The  gymnastic  riding  seat  requires  the 
legs  perfectly  straight,  with  a  firm  grip  of  thighs. 
However,  the  value  of  the  exercise  is  increased  if  in 
taking  such  a  seat  as  the  side  seat,  Fig.  G,  the  arms 
are  kept  straight,  the  weight  of  the  body  resting  on 
them.  In  all  circling,  keep  the  arms  and  legs  as 
straight  as  possible. 


105 


The  mounts  and  dismounts  are  described  for 
one  leg;  they  can  be  similarly  executed  with  the 
other. 

Standing  on  board  grasping  pommels,  or  in  front 
rest,  Fig.  3 : 

1.  Outside  circle  forward  with  right  leg  to  side 
seat  on  neck,  saddle,  Fig.  6,  or  croup. 

2.  The  same  with  quarter  left  turn  to  riding 
seat. 

3.  Same  with  half  left  turn  to  side  seat  facing 
near  side. 

4.  Inside  circle  with  right  leg  passing  under  left 
hand  to  side  seat  on  neck,  saddle,  or  croup. 

5.  Same,  with  quarter  left  turn  to  riding  seat. 

6.  Same,  with  half 
left  turn  to  side  seat, 
facing  near  side. 

7.  Circle  backward 
with  left  leg,  at  same 
time  making  half  left 
turn  to  side  seat  on 
croup  or  saddle  facing 
near  side. 

8.  Same,  with  three- 
quarter  left  turn  to  rid- 
ing seat. 

9.  Same,  with  full 
left  turn  to  side  seat, 
facing  off  side. 

From  back  rest, 
Fig.  2, 

1.  Circle  right  leg 
backward  and  under 
right  hand  to  side  seat  on  neck,  saddle,  or  croup. 

2.  Same,  with  quarter  and  half  turns. 


Fig.  6. 


106 

3.  Circle  right  leg  under  left  leg  and  under  left 
hand  to  side  seats. 

4.  Same,  with  quarter  and  half  turns. 

5.  Circle  right  leg  forward  and  over  left  leg  and 
make  left  half  turn  to  side  seat  on  neck. 

6.  Same,  with  three-quarter  left  turn  to  riding  seat. 

7.  Same,  with  full  left  turn  facing  off  side. 

V.  Dismounts. 

From  side  seats,  as  Fig.  6 : 

1.  Circle  right  leg  backward 

a.  From  outside,  and  dismount  on  board. 

b.  From  inside,  passing  under  left  hand. 

2.  Circle  left  leg  forward 

*  a.  From    outside    and 

dismount       on       off 
side. 
b.  From  inside. 

3.  Dismount  from 
riding  seat. 

These  dismounts 
naturally  suggest  them- 
selves, as  circling  right 
leg  forward  or  back- 
ward and  with  quarter 
or  half  turns. 

fl  P     VI.  Flank  Vault  Exer- 

g^^^^^^^xi  cises. 

Bm  ¥V  \  flank  vault  is  one 

g  I  y\        '"   w'M('l'    the  righl   or 

Fig.  v.  left  side  of  the  body  is 

turned  toward  the  up- 
per side  of  the  apparatus  and  no  turn  is  made,  Fig.  7. 
Standing  on  board,  or  with  a  run  : 


107 


1.  Jump  up  and  swing  both  legs  to  right  side 
and  return  to  board. 

2.  Jump  up,  swing  legs  to  right,  and  place  feet  on 
croup,  legs  straight. 

3.  Right  flank  mount  to  side  seats  facing  off  side. 

4.  Right  flank  mount 
to  back  rest,  Fig.  2. 

5.  Right  flank  vault 
over  horse,  Fig.  7. 

VII.  Front  Vault  Exer- 
cises. 

The  front  vault  is 
one  in  which  there  is  a 
backward  swing  of  the 
legs  and  body,  the  face 
being  kept  toward  the 
apparatus  during  the 
vault,  Fig.  8. 

Standing  on  board, 
or  with  a  run  : 

1.  Jump      up      and 
swing     legs     to     right  FlG>  8> 
over  horse,  make  quar- 
ter-left turn,  and  return  to  board  facing  horse. 

2.  Right  front  mount  to  riding  seat. 

3.  Right  front  mount  to  riding  seat  with  half 
turn  of  body,  facing  croup. 

•4.  Right  front  vault  over  horse,  Fig.  8. 

VIII.  Bear  Vault  Exercises. 

A  rear  vault  is  one  in  which  a  quarter  turn  out- 
ward away  from  apparatus  is  made,  the  back  being 
toward  apparatus  as  body  passes  over  it,  Fig.  9. 

Standing  on  board,  or  with  a  run : 


108 


Fig.  9. 


Fig.  10. 


1.  Jump  up  and 
swing  legs  to  left  as 
high  as  horse,  make 
quarter  left  turn,  and 
return  to  board  facing- 
horse. 

2.  Left  rear  mount 
to  riding  seat. 

3.  Left  rear  mount 
to  riding  seat  with  half 
turn,  now  facing  croup. 

4.  Left  rear  vault 
over  horse,  Fig.  9. 

IX.  Feints. 

A  feint  is  shown  in 
Fig.  10,  the  right  leg 
being  swung  around 
right  arm  to  other  side 
of  horse  and  imme- 
diately swung  back 
again.  The  feint  can 
be  executed  with  both 
legs  together. 

From  front  rest : 
1.  Feint  of  right  leg 
with, 

a.  Left  flank  swing  to 
front  rest  or  back 
rest. 

b.  Left  flank  vault  over 
horse. 

c.  Left  front  mount 
to  neck,  saddle,  or 
croup. 


109 

d.  Left  front  vault  over  horse. 

e.  Left  rear  mount  to  neck,  saddle,  or  croup. 
/.  Left  rear  vault  over  horse,  Fig.  9. 

2.  Above   exercises,  except   feinting,   with    both 
legs  held  together. 


X.  Somersaults. 

From  the  board,  with  a  run,  from  kneeling  or 
squatting  position,  etc. 

In  the  somersault  the  arms  may  be  held  bent 
throughout,  at  first  bent  and  then  straightened, 
at  first  straight  and  then  bent,  or  straight  through- 
out. 

Exercise  with  Hoese  Lengthwise. 

These  exercises  are  executed  with  a  run  from  the 
rear ;  the  board  is  just 
behind  the  horse  and  its 
distance  therefrom  may 
be  varied.  The  pom- 
mels are  removed. 


I.  Jumps. 

1.  Jump  to  riding 
seat  on  croup,  saddle,  or 
neck. 

2.  Same  and  face  to 
the  rear  in  riding  seat 
by  pressing  with  hands, 
throwing  legs  up,  and 
making  a  half  turn. 

3.  Same  as  2,  except 
that  the  half  turn  is 
made  during  the  jump. 


Fig.  11. 


110 


4.  Jump  to   squatting   or  standing  position  on 
croup,  saddle,  or  neck. 

5.  Same  as  4,  and  with   help   of  hands  straddle 

over  horse. 

6.  Giant  leap  over 
horse,  Fig.  11. 

7.  Same  with  half 
turn  and  straddle  of 
legs  (backward  leap). 

8.  Giant  leap  over 
horse  with  legs  in 
squatting  position. 

II.  Legs  Circling, 
Vaults  and  Som- 
ersaults. 

1.  Circle  right  leg 
over  horse,  using  one 
or  both  hands  and 
alight  to  left  of  croup. 

2.  Same  with  both 
legs  (rear  vault),  Fig. 
12. 

3.  Flank  and  front  vaults  over  horse. 

4.  Somersaults  off  end  of  horse. 


Fig.  12. 


Ill 


HORIZONTAL  BEAM. 

This  is  a  round,  wooden  beam,  twenty-five  to 
thirty  feet  in  length,  nine  to  twelve  inches  in  diam- 
eter, and  usually  a  little  smaller  at  one  end  than  at 
the  other.  It  is  arranged  in  supports  at  each  end, 
so  that  its  distance  from  the  floor  may  be  varied. 
When     inconvenient 

to    do    this    a    good  a  b 

height  is  about  four 
feet;  where  any  ditch 
is  available  it  may  be 
placed  across  this. 
The  beam  may  also  be 
suspended  at  either 
end  so  that  it  will  os- 
cillate, thus  render- 
ing the  exercises  more 
difficult. 

Exercises  will  be 
first  practiced  with- 
out rifle  or  accouter- 
ments. 

A  number  of  men 
can  be  exercised  at 
once.  Fig-  i. 

1.  Take  seat  astride 

beam,  facing  forward,  advance  hands  to  front,  rest 
on  them,  and  bring  body  up  to  hands,  Fig.  1  b. 

2.  Sitting   astride  beam,  facing  forward,  hands 


112 


Fig.  2.     ' 
a  b 


in  front  of  body, 
rest  on  hands,  car- 
ry body  to  rear, 
bring  hands  up  to 
body. 

3.  Sitting  astride 
beam,  facing  for- 
ward, throw  either 
leg  forward  over 
beam  and  sit  on 
beam,  Fig.  1  a ;  cross 
beam  side  wise  by 
resting  on  hands  al- 
ternately. 

4.  Sitting  astride 
beam,  facing  for- 
ward, throw  either 
leg  to  rear  over 
beam,  take  position 
facing  beam,  resting 
on  hands,  Fig.  2  a ; 
cross  beam  by  using 
hands. 

5.  Sitting  astride 
beam,  facing  for- 
ward, hands  in  front 
of  body,  rest  on 
hands  and  bring  feet 
on  top  of  beam  and 
stand  up,  left  foot  in 
front,  hollow  of  right 
foot  at  heel  of  left, 
advance  left  foot  and 
bring  up  right,  Fig. 
:)  a. 


Fig.  3. 


113 


6.  Same  exercise,  right  foot  leading. 

7.  Cross  beam  standing  by  passing  right  foot, 
over  left  and  left  over  right. 

8.  Stand  on  beam,  facing  right  or  left,  side  step 
across  beam,  Fig.  3  b. 

9.  March  backward 
across  beam, 

a.  Left  foot  leading. 

b.  Right  foot  leading. 

c.  Right  over  left  and 
left  over  right. 

10.  Sitting  astride 
beam  to  face  to  the 
rear,  press  well  with 
hands,  raise  legs  up- 
ward above  beam,  and 
turn  to  the  left  or 
right  about. 

11.  To  pass  on 
beam,  two  men  meet- 
ing :  Each  man  stands 
up,  advances  left  foot, 
toe  turned  outward, 
each  left  hand  grasps 

the  other's  right  arm  near  the  shoulder,  the  right 
hand  against  left  side  under  the  arm ;  then  both  in- 
cline to  the  front,  Fig.  4,  advance  the  right  foot  and 
pivot  around  on  left  foot,  thus  passing  each  other. 

12.  Two  men  may  also  pass  by  one  placing  arms 
and  legs  around  beam  and  swinging  under  it,  Fig. 
2  b,  the  other  then  walking  above  the  man  under- 
neath, who  in  turn  swings  on  top  of  beam. 

In  crossing  with  rifle  it  may  be  carried  on  the 
back,  at  the  trail,  port,  or  in  both  hands,  being  used 
as  a  balance. 


Fig.  4. 


114 


PAIR  OF  SWINGING  RINGS. 

The  rings  are  about  eight  to  ten  inches  in  diam- 
eter, covered  with  leather,  hung  on  ropes  or  leather 
straps,  fifteen  or  twenty  feet  in  length,  and  so  ar- 
ranged that  they  can  be  adjusted  to  any  desired 
height. 

The  exercises  given  are  those  for  rings  about  seven 
feet  from  floor,  or  just  within  reach  of  the  hands. 

'     I.   Exercises  without  a 
Swing. 

1.  Grasp  rings  and 
rise  to  bent-arm  hang. 

2.  In  bent-arm  hang, 

a.  Extend  right  arm 
horizontally ;  return 
to  bent-arm  hang, 
and  extend  left  arm 
similarly,  Fig.  1. 

b.  Extend  both  arms. 

c.  Above  two  exercises 
with  legs  horizontal 
and  together. 

d.  Throw  right  elbow 
well  up,  bring  ring 
close  to  body,  and 
come  to  bent-arm  rest. 

e.  Same  exercise  with  left  arm. 
/.  One  arm  after  the  other. 


Fig.  i. 


115 


g.  Both  arms  together, 
Fig.  2. 

3.  From  bent-arm 
rest  rise  in  rings, 
straightening  the  arms. 

4.  Grasp  rings  and 
carry  feet  up  forward 
between  rings  and  turn 
over  until  feet  nearly 
touch  floor,  Fig.  3  ;  re- 
turn to  first  position; 
executed  slowly. 

5.  Turn  over  as  be- 
fore, release  hold  of 
one  ring,  let  body  swing 
around,  and  regrasp 
other  ring ;  executed 
slowly. 

6.  Turn  over  as  be- 
fore, let  arms  twist  at 
shoulders  (dislocation), 
and  assume  starting 
position. 

7.  Carry  legs  up 
forward  between  rings 
and  throw  left  leg 
against  front  of  left 
hand,  release  hold  of 
ring  as  leg  strikes 
hand  and  immediately 
regrasp  ring  ;  same  ex- 
ercises with  right  leg, 
Fig.  -1 ;  both  legs  at 
once. 

8.  Turn    over    for- 


Fig.  2. 


i 


Fig.  3. 


116 

ward  and  hang  head  downward,  body  and  legs  in  a 
vertical  position. 

9.  Turn   over   forward   and   hang   in   horizontal 
position,  face  downward — i.  e.,  back  lever. 

10.  Same  position, 
face  upward — front 
lever. 

11.  Bring  legs  up 
forward  to  vertical 
position  and  shoot 
them  out  quickly  to 
the  front  and  come 
to  bent-arm  rest  or 
straight-arm  rest. 

II.   Exercises  with  a 
Swing. 

Until  the  swing  is 
learned,  pupils  may 
be  started  on  the 
swing  by  the  in- 
structor. 
iiG.  4. 

To  obtain  a  swing 
without  assistance  take  a  start  by  pushing  against 
floor  with  feet  and  at  end  of  backward  swing  bring 
legs  up  vertically  between  rings,  arms  straight,  and 
during  course  of  forward  swing  kick  feet  well  out 
to  the  front. 

1.  Swing  in  bent-arm  position. 

2.  Swing  with  one  arm  bent,  the  other  extended 
horizontally. 

3.  Above  exercises  with  legs  extended  to  the  front 
in  horizontal  position. 

4.  Swing  with  either  leg  resting  on  either  arm. 

5.  Both  legs  on  either  arm,  Fig.  5. 


117 


6.  Place  legs  in  positions  4  and  5  at  end  of  back- 
ward swing  and  release  them  at  end  of  forward 
swing  by  cutting  away  the  hand. 

7.  Reverse  movement,  cutting  away  at  end  of 
backward  swing. 

8.  Turn  over  for- 
ward at  end  of  back- 
ward swing,  twist- 
ing shoulders  (disloca- 
tion). 

9.  Turn  over  back- 
ward at  end  of  forward 
swing. 

10.  Upstart  at  end 
of  forward  swing— i.  e., 
by  bringing  legs  up 
forward  to  vertical 
position  and  shooting 
them  to  the  front,  and 

a.  Come    to    bent-arm 
rest. 

b.  To      straight  -  arm 

rest.  Fig.  5. 

11.  Uprise  at  end  of 

backward  swing  by  pulling  body  well  up  and  com- 
ing to 

a.  Bent-arm  rest. 

b.  Straight-arm  rest. 

In  swinging  in  the  above  rests  the  rings  must  be 
held  close  to  body  and  back  of  hips. 


118 


TRAVELING  RINGS. 

Traveling  rings  are  fixed  about  eight  feet  from 
the  floor,  distance  between  them  depending  on  the 
length  of  rope  suspending  them,  but  it  should  not 
be  so  great  as  not  to  be  easily  reached  with  a  swing 
from  the  adjoining  ring.  A  raised  step  or  board 
platform  is  placed  at  one  end  of  the  line  of  rings ; 
rings  may  be  of  any  number,  depending  on  space, 
five  or  six  being  sufficient,  however,  for  exercising. 

Exercises. 

1.  Start  from  platform,  grasp  first  ring  with  one 
hand,  swing  to  next  ring;  after  grasping  second 
ring  flex  arm  grasping  first  ring,  then  release  its 
hold  and  swing  to  next  ring;  continue  to  end  and 
return. 

In  swinging,  the  arm  not  in  use  should  hang  by 
the  side  ;  the  other  arm  may  be  straight  or  bent. 

2.  Above  exercise  with  legs  horizontal,  or  with 
knees  drawn  up,  fore  and  upper  legs  making  a  right 
angle  with  each  other. 

3.  Swing  from  first  ring  to  second,  and  on  back- 
ward swing  from  second  ring  flex  the  arm  grasping 
first  ring,  bring  legs  up  forward  and  throw  them 
over  the  arm,  Fig.  5,  cut  away  hand,  and  swing  to 
third  ring. 

4.  Above  exercise,  except  legs  straddle  ring. 


119 


HORIZONTAL   LADDER. 

This  ladder  should  be  about  eighteen  inches 
wide,  fifteen  inches  distance  between  rungs,  of  any 
length  so  long  as  it  is  firmly  supported  and  about 
eight  feet  from  floor,  it  being  suspended.  The  sides 
and  rungs  are  perfectly  smooth,  sides  being  rounded 
on  top. 

The  exercises  below  may  also  apply  to  the  bridge 
ladder,  which  is  simply  two  horizontal  ladders  com- 
bined with  two  more  short  ladders  inclined  against 
each  other.  Most  of  the  exercises  admit  of  a  num- 
ber of  men  being  exercised  at  the  same  time.  Ex- 
cept where  it  is  specified  that  the  lower  limbs  are 
brought  into  play  they  should  be  held  together  and 
straightened  out. 

I.   Exercises  Forward. 

1.  Standing  at  end  of  ladder,  back  to  wall, 
spring  to  rung  overhead  in  ordinary  grasp,  Fig. 
1  b,  and 

a.  Move  left  hand  forward  and   grasp   next 

rung  and  follow  with  right. 

b.  Travel  with  right  hand  leading. 

c.  Above  two  exercises,  except  that  each  hand 

is  advanced  to  the  rung  beyond  the  one 
grasped  by  the  other  hand. 

d.  Hop  with  both  hands  from  rung  to  rung, 

bending  arms  slightly. 


120 


Fig.  1. 


2.  All  of  above 
exercises, 

a.  With  knees  drawn 
up,  fore  leg  and 
upper  leg  making 
a  right  angle. 

6.  With  legs  hori- 
zontal and  extend- 
ed. 

3.  All  of  above 
exercises  in  bent- 
arm  position. 

4.  All  of  above 
exercises  with  the  re- 
verse grasp,  Fig.  1  a. 

5.  From  ordinary- 
grasp  on  rung  swing 
left  arm  well  to  rear, 
down  by  side,  and 
forward,  grasping 
second  rung,  swing 
right  arm  similarly, 
and  grasp  second 
rung  from  left  hand. 

6.  From  position 
at  end  of  ladder, 
back  to  wall,  spring 
upward  and  grasp 
outsides  of  ladder, 
and 

a.  Move  left  hand 
forward,  followed 
by  right. 

b.  Travel  with  right 
hand  leading. 


Fig.  2. 


121 


c.  Hand  over  hand. 

d.  Hopping  forward  with  both  hands. 

7.  Exercises  of  No.  6. 

a.  With  knees  drawn  up,  fore  and  upper  leg, 

making  a  right  angle. 

b.  "With,  legs  horizontal  and  extended. 

8.  Exercises  of  Nos.  6  and  7  in  bent-arm  position, 
Fig.  2  b. 

9.  Nos.  6,  7,  and  8  with  hands  grasping  edges  of 
ladder,  knuckles  being  inward,  Fig.  2  a. 

II.  Exercises  Backward. 

From  position  at  end  of  ladder,  facing  wall. 

These  exercises 
are  just  the  reverse 
of  those  forward. 

III.  Exercises  along 
the  Side. 

1.  Position  facing 
side  of  ladder,  spring 
upward,  grasp  one 
side  of  ladder,  and 

a.  Move  along  the 
side,  one  hand  fol- 
lowing the  other. 

b.  Hand  over  hand. 

c.  Hopping  with  both 
hands. 

2.  Abo ve  exercises 
in  bent- arm  position. 
Fig.  3  a. 

3.  All  of  above, 

a.  With  knees  well  drawn  up. 

b.  With  legs  horizontal  and  extended. 


Fig.  3. 


122 


4.  Position  with  back  to  side  of  ladder,  spring 
upward,  and  grasp  side  with  reverse  grasp. 

All  of  the  exercises  along  the  side  in  this  grasp, 
Fig.  3  b. 

Many  of  the  above  exercises  forward  and  back- 
ward and  along  the  side  can  be  executed  either  with 
or  without  a  swing. 

IV.   Other  Exercises. 

1.  From  position  hanging  on  rung,  bring  feet  up 
to  second  or  third  rung  in  front  of  hands,  soles  of 

feet  against  rung, 
draw  body  up  to  lad- 
der, extend  arms, 
etc.  In  this  position 
travel  forward  or 
backward  along  lad- 
der, left  arm  and 
left  leg  moving  to- 
gether, etc.,  Fig.  4. 

2.  From  above  po- 
sition bring  feet  be- 
tween hands,  place 
them  against  second 
or  third  rung  back 
of  hands,  travel  back- 
ward ;  return  to  first 
position. 

3.  From  position 
hanging  by  knees  on 
one    rung    and    feet 

under  the  adjoining  rung,  exercises  can  be  given, 
bringing  the  back  and  abdominal  muscles  into  play 
by  raising  the  body  up  slowly  toward  ladder. 


Fig.  4. 


123 


INCLINED   LADDER. 

This  ladder  is  twenty  to  twenty-five  feet  in 
length,  inclined  against  wall  at  an  angle  of  from 
thirty  to  forty-five  degrees,  and  fastened  securely  at 
both  ends.  In  exercises  on  the  ladder  the  descent  is 
the  reverse  of  the  ascent. 


I.  Exercises  on  Upper 
Side. 

1.  Ascend  ladder, 
hands  and  feet  on  rungs, 
with, 

a.  Left  arm  and  left  leg 
moving  together,  and 
arm    and 


right 
leg. 


right 


b.  Left  arm  and  right  leg 
moving  together,  and 
right  arm  and  left  leg. 

2.  With     hands     on 
sides  and  feet  on  rungs. 

3.  With  one  hand  on 
rung  or  side. 

4.  Without        using  Fig.  i. 
hands. 

Exercises  should  be  executed  rapidly  after  profi- 
ciency is  attained. 

5.  From  position  with  both  hands  extended  up- 
ward on  rungs,  body  against  ladder,  inside  of  feet 
against  sides  of  ladder,  legs  straight,  Fig.  1,  ascend, 

9 


124 


J^^ih 


a.  Left  hand  leading. 

b.  Right  hand  leading. 

c.  Hand  over  hand. 

d.  Both  hands  together. 
Legs  not  used  in  these 

exercises. 

6.  To  slide  down  lad- 
der, place  left  fore  leg 
over  left  side,  right  fore 
leg  over  right,  hands  or 
forearms  clasping  under 
sides  of  ladder ;  regulate 
descent  by  pressure. 

7.  Take  exercise  in 
carrying  rifle  or  equip- 
ments. 

8.  Take  exercises  in 
carrying  a  man  up  and 
down  ladder  by, 

a.  One  sitting  on  the 
shoulders  of  the  other, 
all  four  hands  being 
on  sides  of  ladder. 

b.  Also  with  man  on 
shoulder  in  position 
given  for  carrying 
wounded,  Fig.  2. 

When  several  men 
are  ascending  or  de- 
scending the  ladder  the 
hands  should  alway  be 
on  the  sides. 


Fig.  a. 


125 


IT.  Exercises  on  Under  Side. 

1.  From  position  under  and  facing  ladder,  ascend 
and  descend,  with  hands  and  feet  on  rungs, 

a.  Left  arm  and  left   leg   moving   together, 

and  right  arm  and  right  leg. 

b.  Left  arm  and  right  leg  moving  together, 

and  right  arm  and  left  leg. 

2.  Above  exercises, 
except  with  hands  on 
sides. 

3.  Ascend  and  de- 
scend with  fore  legs 
thrown  over  sides  and 
hands  on  either  rungs 
or  sides. 

•i.  To  slide  down  lad- 
der, throw  left  leg  over 
left  side,  right  leg  over 
right,  place  arms  around 
ladder,  clasping  hands ; 
regulate  descent  by 
pressure,  Fig.  3. 

III.    On    Under    Side 
ivithoirf  using  Legs. 

1.  From  position  un- 
der and    facing  ladder, 

spring  to   rung  overhead   in    ordinary   or   reverse 
grasp,  Fig.  4,  and  ascend, 

a.  With  right  hand  leading. 

b.  Left  hand  leading. 

c.  Hand  over  hand. 

d.  Both  hands  together,  hopping. 

2.  Above  exercises,  grasping  sides  of  ladder. 


126 


Inclined  Plank. 

This  is  a  perfectly  smooth  plank,  from  two  to 
three  inches  thick,  rounded  at  the  edges,  twenty 
to  twenty-five  feet  long,  and  inclined  from  thirty  to 
forty  degrees,  and  is  securely  fastened  at  the  bottom. 

1.  Position  facing  plank,  lean  forward,  grasp 
sides  of  plank  with  hands,  place  toes  on  plank,  and 
ascend, 

a.  Left  hand  and  left  foot  moving  together, 

and  right  hand  and  right  foot. 

b.  Left  hand  and  right  foot,  and  right  hand 

and  left  foot. 

c.  Both  hands  together,  followed  bj'  both  feet 

together. 

2.  Lying  down  on  plank,  arms  extended,  hands 
grasping  sides,  feet  against  sides  of  plank,  ascend, 
using  hands  only, 

a.  Left  hand  leading. 

b.  Right  hand  leading. 

c.  Hand  over  hand. 

d.  Both  hands  together. 

3.  From  position  under  plank  and  facing  it,  grasp 
sides  with  hands  and  throw  fore  legs  over  sides; 
ascend, 

a.  left  hand  leading. 

b.  Right  hand  leading. 

c.  Hand  over  hand. 

d.  Both  hands  together. 

4.  To  slide  down  plank  on  either  upper  or  lower 
side,  take  positions  similar  to  those  prescribed  for 
inclined  ladder. 


127 


VERTICAL   POLE. 

The  vertical  pole  is  anywhere  from  fifteen  to 
forty  feet  in  length  and  from  one  and  a  half  to  four 
inches  in  diameter ;  it  may  be  fastened  both  at  top 
and  bottom,  or  simply  suspended  from  the  top. 

The  pole  is  perfectly  smooth.  Exercises  should 
never  be  continued  to  the  point  of  exhaustion.  In 
all  climbing,  occasionally  carry  the  piece,  using  the 
sling.  As  a  rule  the  descent  in  climbing  is  the  re- 
verse of  the  ascent. 

I.   Using  Both  Arms  and  L^gs. 
Exercises. 

At  ready,  take  position  facing  pole. 

1.  At  climb,  raise  right  hand,  arm  extended,  and 
grasp  pole,  the  left  hand  following ;  place  right  foot 
against  left  side  of  pole,  knee  to  right,  pole  in  front 
of  fore  leg ;  raise  left  foot  and  place  it  in  front  of 
pole,  ankles  now  crossing,  pole  between  outside 
edges  of  feet,  body  upright,  arms  now  bent.  Fig.  1  a. 
Extend  right  hand  upward,  followed  by  left ;  draw 
up  lower  limbs,  letting  them  slip  along  pole,  straight- 
en knees,  and  elevate  trunk.  Continue  exercise  until 
command  halt. 

At  down,  descend,  reversing  the  movement. 

2.  Similarly  take  the  exercises, 

a.  Left    hand    leading,    position    of    feet    re- 
versed. 


128 


b.  Hand  over  hand,  position  of  feet  as  in  first 

exercise. 

c.  Hand  over  hand,  position  of  feet  reversed. 

d.  Extending    both   hands   upward   at   same 

time,  right  hand 
being  above,  posi- 
tion of  feet  as  in 
first  exercise. 

e.  Extending  both 
hands  at  same 
time,  left  hand 
above,  position  of 
feet  reversed. 
/.  Drawing  up  legs  at 
same  time  as  ex- 
tending arms.  Ei- 
ther hand  above, 
position  of  feet 
conforming  ;  a 
jumping  move- 
ment, arms  and 
legs  moving  simul- 
Fig  L  taneously. 


II.   Using  One  Arm  and  Legs. 

Free  hand  rests  on  the  hip,  fingers  to  the  front, 
Fig.  1  b. 

Exercises  are  similar  to  those  when  using  both 
arms  and  legs,  position  of  feet  depending  on  hand 
used  in  climbing. 

III.   Using  Arms  Only. 

1.  Raise  right  arm  and  grasp  pole,  left  following ; 
lift  both  feet  from  ground  and  place  them  to  left 


129 


side  of  pole,  legs  together  and  straight ;  raise  right 
hand  and  follow  with  left,  Fig.  2  a. 

2.  Similarly  take  exercises, 

a.  With  left  hand  leading,  legs  on  right  side 

of  pole. 

b.  Hand  over  hand,  pole  between  legs. 

c.  Shooting  up  both  hands  at  once,  either  right 

or  left  leading,  legs  on  left  or  right  side 
of  pole. 

3.  Above  exer- 
cises, except  that  legs 
are  horizontal. 

4.  To  slide  down 
pole : 

Legs  grasp  pole  as 
described  in  first  ex- 
ercise for  the  vertical 
pole.  Pass  right  hand 
around  pole  and  over 
to  left  breast,  press- 
ing well  against 
breast  with  hand ; 
pass  left  hand  out- 
side of  right  and 
grasp  right  forearm 
with  left  hand ;  regu- 
late descent  with  pres- 
sure of  arms  and  legs, 
Fig.  2  b.     Also  with 

reverse  grasp  of  the  feet,  pass  left  hand  around  pole 
and  right  outside  of  left  and  regulate  descent  as 
before. 


Fig.  2. 


130 


Pair  of  Vertical  Poles. 

The  distance  between  poles  is  about  eighteen 
inches. 

I.   Using  Both  Arms  and  Legs. 

1.  Grasp  right  pole  with  right  hand,  left  pole 
with  left  hand,  arms  extended ;  raise  body  and  place 
legs  against  inside  of  poles,  feet   outside.     In   this 

position  climb  with, 

a.  Right  hand   lead- 
ing. 

b.  Left  hand  leading. 

c.  One  hand  after  the 
other. 

d.  Both     hands     at 
once. 

e.  Both    hands    and 
feet  simultaneous- 

iy. 

Legs  and  feet 
press  well  against 
poles  in  these  exer- 
cises. 

2.  Above       exer- 
cises, except  that  legs 
are    against   outside 
of  poles,  feet  inside. 
Instead  of  moving 
both  legs  at  once,  the  exercises   may  be  varied  by 
drawing  one  leg  up  after  the  other. 

3.  Exercises  of  Nos.  1  and  2,  except  that  the  legs 
are  around  but  one  of  the  poles,  pole  being  between 
outside  of  feet,  same  position  as  with  single  vertical 
pole. 


Fig.  3. 


131 


4.  Climb  with  right  arm  extended  upward, 
knuckles  outward  and  left  arm  downward,  knuckles 
inward,  Fig.  3  ;  also 
with  left  hand  up- 
ward and  right 
downward,  legs  be- 
ing on  both  poles  or 
only  the  one  pole — 
i.  e.,  that  which  the 
arm  extended  up- 
ward grasps. 

II.   Without  Using 
Legs. 

Exercises  similar 
to  those  above  de- 
scribed can  be  exe- 
cuted without  using 
the  legs,  the  legs  be- 
ing held  together  be- 
tween the  poles,  Fig.  FlG.  4. 
3 ;    also    with    them 

held  in  a  horizontal  position,  or  with  knees  drawn 
up,  fore  leg  and  upper  leg  making  a  right  angle. 

Hang  with  head  downward,  knees  bent,  and  as- 
cend poles,  Fig.  4. 

Slanting  Pole. 

This  is  about  three  inches  in  diameter  and  twenty 
to  twenty-five  feet  in  length  and  laid  against  a  wall 
at  an  angle  of  about  forty-five  degrees  and  fastened 
at  top  and  bottom. 

Exercises  on  the  slanting  pole  are  somewhat  sim- 
ilar to  those  on  the  vertical  pole. 


132 


I.  From  Position  under  Pole,  Back  to  Wall. 

Grasp  pole  with  right  hand,  arm  extended,  fol- 
low with  left,  throw  right  leg  over  pole,  outside  of 
foot  pressing  against  inner  side  of  pole,  place  left 
foot  across  right,  the  heel  on  top  of  the  ankle  of 
right.     Follow  the  system  given  for  vertical  pole. 

II.  From  Position  above  Pole. 

Grasp  pole  with  right  hand,  arm  extended,  left 
hand  following,  extend  trunk  along  pole,  right  foot 
against  left  side  of  pole,  knee  on  right  side,  place 
left  foot  under  pole,  back  of  ankle  clasping  it.  Fol- 
low the  system  given  for  vertical  pole. 

Turning  Pole. 

This  is  the  same  as  slanting  pole,  except  that  at 
each  end  of  pole  there  is  fixed  an  iron  pin,  project- 
ing several  inches  and  working  in  sockets,  so  as  to 
allow  the  pole  to  turn  on  its  longest  axis.  The  ex- 
ercises of  climbing  are  the  same  as  the  slanting  pole, 
they  being  more  difficult  by  the  effort  necessary  to 
preserve  an  equilibrium  on  the  pole.  Any  exercise 
may  be  varied  by  turning  the  body  with  the  pole, 
making  either  a  half  turn  or  a  full  turn. 

Pair  of  Slanting  Poles. 

These  are  fixed  at  an  angle  of  about  forty-five 
degrees  and  are  about  eighteen  inches  apart.  The 
exercises  on  these  poles  are  similar  to  those  on  a 
pair  of  vertical  poles,  and  the  series  naturally  sug- 
gests itself  from  that  given  on  those  poles. 


133 


ROPE. 

This  should  be  from  one  to  two  inches  in  diam- 
eter and  fifteen  to  forty  feet  in  length,  fastened  at 
top. 

All  of  the  exercises  given  for  the  vertical  pole 
can  be  used  for  the  climbing  rope. 

The  following  positions  of  the  legs  can  be  used  in 
climbing : 

1.  Place  right  foot  t 
against  left  side  of 
rope,  knee  to  right 
side,  rope  in  front  of 
fore  leg ;  lift  left  foot 
and  bring  it  up  under 
right  with  end  of  rope 
over  instep ;  place  sole 
of  left  foot  on  instep 
of  right,  the  rope  thus 
being  folded  around 
the  right  foot,  passing 
under  its  hollow  and 
held  tightly  in  place 
by  the  left  foot,  Fig.  1. 

2.  Throw  right  leg 
around    rope    so   that 
the    rope    passes    in-  Fig.  i. 
side  of  thigh,  outside 

around  leg  and  coming  inside  at  the  ankle;  bring 
left  foot  up  under  right  and  fold  rope  around  right 


134 


foot  and  hold  it  in 
place  by  placing  the 
left  foot  upon  the 
right.  This  is  a  good 
position  in  which 
to  rest  when  climb- 
ing . the  rope  for  a 
considerable  height, 
Fig.- 2. 


Fig.  2. 


3.  Another  posi- 
tion of  resting  : 
Reach  down  with 
one  hand  and  pull 
up  the  rope,  one  or 
both  legs  sitting  or 
kneeling  or  stand- 
ing in  the  loo})  thus 
formed,  Fig, 


o. 


Fiu.  3. 


135 


4.  The  position  in 
which  a  person  can 
be  lifted  by  a  rope 
without  tying  the 
rope  to  make  a  loop : 
Let  the  rope  pass  un- 
der left  arm,  around 
back,  inside  of  thigh, 
outside  around  leg 
and  inside  ankle, 
then  bring  up  end  of 
rope  and  pass  it  un- 
der rope  at  fore  leg, 
the  rope  thus  passing 
under  the  hollow  of 
foot,  Fig.  4. 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  5. 


136 


ATHLETIC   GAMES  AND   CONTESTS.* 

All  that  has  been  thus  far  given  relates  to  the 
systematic  physical  training  of  the  soldier ;  after 
this  has  been  established  on  a  firm  basis,  those  games 
and  contests  which  show  individual  excellence  can 
be  taken  up  in  an  intelligent  manner.  All  national 
sports,  like  football,  baseball,  etc.,  should  be  encour- 
aged. Indoor  and  outdoor  meets,  comprising  gym- 
nastic work,  the  usual  field  and  track  events,  and 
military  contests,  furnish  incentives  which  will  pro- 
duce earnest  work  on  the  part  of  the  soldier. 

Athletic  meets  should  not  be  held  too  often  ;  they 
should  be  made  events  in  the  soldier's  life — which 
will  demonstrate  the  benefits  of  the  regular  as  well 
as  the  special  training. 

Once  a  year  for  an  indoor  meet  and  once  for  an 
outdoor  are  sufficient  for  each  post,  especially  when 
an  annual  department  or  army  meet  is  held.  It  re- 
quires some  time  to  successfully  train  for  any  event 
— to  get  into  the  pink  of  condition — and,  on  the  other 
hand,  it  is  not  advisable  to  be  in  training  constantly  ; 
staleness  is  bound  to  result  and  constant  hard  work 
will  undermine  the  constitution. 

In  training  a  team  for  a  contest  any  one  member 

*  The  cuts  used  in  this  article  on  Athletic  Games  and  Contests 
are  from  Track  Athletics  in  Detail,  published  and  copyrighted  by 
Harper  Brothers  and  used  here  by  arrangement. 


13? 

of  the  team  should  usually  not  enter  in  more  than 
two  events  ;  he  can  not  do  justice  to  more. 

Rules  governing  the  usual  field  and  track  events 
are  laid  down  by  the  Amateur  Athletic  Union  and 
Intercollegiate  Athletic  Association,  and  would  nat- 
urally be  more  or  less  followed  by  any  committee  of 
officers  arranging  for  a  military  athletic  meet.  At- 
tention is  invited  to  the  methods  of  rating  teams  or 
individuals  by  points. 

Every  event  ought  to  be  of  the  same  value  of  any 
other  event. 

Athletically  speaking,  a  hundred-yard  dash,  mile 
run,  pole  vault,  and  a  wall-scaling  contest  are  worth 
the  same.  Intercollegiate  system  of  rating  is  5,  2, 
and  1  points  for  first,  second,  and  third  places.  The 
interscholastic,  5,  3,  and  1.  It  would  seem  that  the 
fairest,  easiest,  and  best  system  is  -4,  2,  and  1.  That 
rating  is  recommended.  A  first  is  well  worth  twice 
a  second,  and  a  second  twice  a  third.  In  competition 
on  apparatus  work  in  a  gymnasium  the  above  method 
may  of  course  be  slightly  varied  from. 

General  rules  for  training  for  different  events  are 
given  below.  They  are  in  keeping  with  the  methods 
followed  by  the  best  athletes  in  this  country  in  their 
different  lines.  The  old  idea  of  a  severe  dieting  and 
thus  practically  draining  the  system  has  long  since 
been  exploded.     Common-sense  views  now  prevail. 

Variety  in  food,  within  reasonable  limits,  is  neces- 
sary ;  a  natural  craving  must  be  satisfied.  No  one 
wants  to  eat  beefsteak  three  times  a  day.  The  aver- 
age soldier  with  his  short  daily  physical  drill  is  in 
good  shape  to  begin  special  training.  His  food  is 
wholesome,  and  if  he  avoid  excesses  can  put  himself 
into  first-class  shape  for  any  events  by  following  the 
general  instructions  given  below. 


138 


TRACK  EVENTS. 


Sprints. 

The  usual  sprints  are  the  100-yard  and  220-yard 
dashes  ;  the  300-yard  is  also  sometimes  used  in  com- 
petition. Training  for  all  three  of  these  events  is 
about  the  same. 

The  rules  given  need  not  necessarily  be  precisely 
followed.    Individuals  differ ;  some  may  need  a  little 

more  work  than  others, 
some  may  vary  the 
manner  of  starting 
slightly. 

First  of  all,  the 
heart  must  be  strong. 
This  is  important  in 
any  athletic  contest. 
The  heart  is  the  organ 
principally  affected  by 
running.  As  a  rule, 
the  lungs  will  take 
care  of  themselves,  al- 
though weak  lungs 
should  not  be  taxed. 
However,  it  is  assumed 
that  the  ordinary  sol- 
dier's lungs  are  sound. 
Fio.  1.  A    constant    smoker's 

From  an  instanteneous^photograph  of        heart  is  USUally  differ- 
ent  from    the    normal 
one ;  its  beat  is  not  the  same.     Runners   therefore 
must  avoid  smoking. 

As  stated  under  running,  the  mouth  is  held  open 
so  as  to  get  sufficient  volume  of  air  in  the  lungs  and 


139 


thus  facilitate  the  working  of  the  heart.  It  is  evi- 
dent that  the  start  in  a  sprint  is  always  important 
and  it  needs  much  practice.  The  crouching  start  is 
now  almost  universally  used.     This  is  as  follows  : 


Take  an  easy  position  with  hands  on  scratch  line 
and  left  foot  just  behind  the  line — for  some  men  six 
or  seven  inches  back ;  the  other  foot  is  about  two 
and  a  half  feet  back  of  the  left.  Lean  on  the  hands, 
hands  open  (the  corks  may  be  held  in  place  by  rub- 
ber bands). 

At  the  word  "  Set "  from  the  starter,  lean  forward 
as  far  as  possible  without  losing  the  balance,  head 
up,  eyes  on  the  course,  every  muscle  pressing  to  the 
front,  and  ready  to  dive  forward  ;  the  right  knee  is 
but  little  back  of  the  line  of  the  left  heel  and  fore 
leg  nearly  parallel  to  the  ground,  Fig.  1.  At  the  pis- 
tol shot,  dive  forward  with  all  force,  but  the  first  two 
strides  are  taken  in  a  crouching  position,  Fig.  2  :  it 
will  be  noticed  that  these  two  strides  are  necessarily 
short  ones.  If  the  body  does  not  rise  along  the  slant- 
ing line  there  will  be  a  noticeable  loss  of  time.    When 

10 


140 


once  in  an  erect  position  and  in  proper  stride,  run 
with  a  very  slight  forward  inclination  of  the  body 
and  chin  well  out  to  the  front ;  the  arms  are  swung 

across  and  not  along- 
side the  body.  Never 
look  back,  pay  no  at- 
tention to  the  other 
runners,  keep  the 
course  strictly,  and 
never  stop  until  the  fin- 
ish line  is  passed  ;  then 
throw  up  the  arms  and 
"  run  up  into  the  air," 
Fig.  3. 

Run  on  the  balls  of 
the  feet  and  not  on  the 
toes,  the  spikes  will 
enter  the  ground  to 
better  advantage.  A 
long  stride  is  of  course 
to  some  advantage,  but 
as  a  rule  a  natural 
stride  is  better  than  a 
cultivated  one.  The 
stride  may  be  slightly  increased  by  lifting  the  legs 
well  up  and  taking  a  long,  loose  jog. 

For  beginners,  the  following  schedule  for  the 
sprints,  for  about  four  weeks,  is  recommended.  At 
the  end  of  that  time  the  runner  will  understand 
his  personal  equation  fairly  well  and  should  use 
his  best  judgment,  remembering  never  to  overdo 
the  training;  always  leave  the  track  when  at  all 
fatigued. 

First  practice  the  starting  position  until  it  can  be 
fallen  into  at  once.. 


Fig.  3. 

From  an  instantaneous  photograph  of 
B.  J.  Wefers. 


141 

First  Day. — Practice  start  six  times,  going  at  full 
speed  not  more  than  twenty-five  yards  ;  rest  between 
each  start,  jog  half  the  distance,  and  finish  last  half 
at  speed. 

Second  Day. — Jog  quarter  of  a  mile,  developing 
the  stride. 

Third  Day. — Run  two  thirds  the  distance  twice 
at  speed  ;  rest  between. 

Fourth  Day. — Practice  start  about  ten  times,  go- 
ing at  speed  and  not  more  than  twenty-five  yards ; 
rest  between  starts ;  finish  by  jogging  twice  the  dis- 
tance, developing  the  stride. 

Fifth  Day. — Run  two  thirds  the  distance  twice  at 
speed  ;  rest  between. 

Sixth  Day. — Run  a  trial  on  time  ;  rest  and  jog  for 
twice  the  distance,  developing  the  stride. 

Seventh  Day. — Jog  twice  over  course. 

The  start  should  always  be  practiced  with  the 
pistol,  or,  if  this  be  not  available,  snap  two  boards 
together. 

Do  nothing  but  jog  slowly  over  the  course  the  day 
before  a  race,  and  do  not  run  a  trial  against  time  for 
four  days  previously.  Some  runners  find  they  can 
make  a  stronger  finish  in  the  220-yard  sprint  by 
easing  up  almost  imperceptibly  for  five  or  ten  yards 
when  about  reaching  the  200-yard  mark ;  also  in  the 
300  by  easing  up  similarly  at  about  the  275-yard  mark. 

The  proper  costume  for  runners  is  a  light  sleeve- 
less shirt  and  loose  trousers  that  barely  reach  the 
knees  ;  the  practice  shoes  are  made  of  horsehide  with 
no  heels  and  six  spikes  in  the  toes.  Competition  shoes 
are  made  of  the  lightest  calfskin.  Wear  light  socks 
in  practice  ;  in  a  race  wear  "  pushers  " ;  these  are 
made  of  chamois  and  cover  the  toes  from  the  instep 
downward. 


142 

The  soldier  in  training  for  these  sprints,  in  light 
or  heavy  marching  order,  should  wear  the  required 
uniform  from  the  first,  but  carry  no  loads  for  the 
first  two  weeks ;  after  that  one  half  the  equipment 
may  be  carried  every  other  day  for  a  week,  the  next 
week  about  three  fourths  the  equipment,  and  on  one 
of  these  days  carrying  the  full  equipment.  Practice 
with  full  equipment  should  not  be  indulged  in  more 
than  once  a  week,  and  a  trial  against  time  a  week  be- 
fore the  race  is  sufficient. 

The  Middle  Distances. 

These  apply  to  the  quarter-mile  and  half-mile 
runs.  The  quarter  is  usually  called  the  440-yard 
dash,  as  it  is  a  sprint  from  start  to  finish.  The  pre- 
paratory for  the  quarter  and  half  is  practically  the 
same.  For  about  three  weeks  take  smart  walks  of 
four  or  five  miles  across  country,  ending  with  a 
half-mile  jog,  then  for  a  month  or  more  run  at  an 
easy  jog  distances  a  little  less  than  the  quarter  or 
half  on  one  day  and  greater  distances  the  next.  Go 
at  speed  for  100  yards  about  once  in  six  days,  and  a 
trial  for  the  quarter  about  once  in  ten  days,  and  for 
the  half  once  every  two  weeks ;  rest  one  day  in  the 
week.  After  this  training  each  runner  will  be  able 
to  tell  about  what  he  needs. 

As  the  quarter  is  practically  a  sprint,  the  schedule 
governing  sprinting  will  furnish  a  guide. 

The  most  important  thing  in  these  runs  is  that 
the  runner  should  be  a  judge  of  pace,  to  know  just 
how  fast  he  is  going,  and  to  acquire  this  a  watch 
should  be  held  on  the  runner  everyday  and  portions 
of  the  distance  marked  off  and  the  time  given  for 
each  division.  In  the  quarter,  sprint  from  start  to 
finish.     Jump  into  the  lead  at  start  and  hold  it  all 


143 

the  way  if  possible.  However,  the  runner  must  be 
careful  not  to  be  "  run  off  his  feet  "  in  the  early  part 
of  the  race.  He  knows  what  pace  he  is  capable  of 
from  start  to  finish  and  must  not  outdo  himself. 

The  half  demands  a  greater  judge  of  pace  than 
the  quarter.  In  practice  the  time  at  every  furlong 
should  be  given  the  runner. 

To  take  part  successfully  in  the  half  mile,  one 
must  make  a  specialty  of  it  and  not  take  part  in  any 
other  event.  It  is  most  important  in  this  that  a  run- 
ner be  not  "  run  off  his  feet."  Some  half-milers  a 
little  weak  in  sprinting  pay  more  attention  to  practic- 
ing sprints  than  to  distance.  With  equal  endurance 
the  fastest  sprinter  will  finish  first.  Also  half-milers 
strong  in  sprinting  pay  ruuch  attention  to  distance. 

If  a  sprinter,  it  is  preferable  to  trail  in  second  or 
third  place  rather  than  take  the  lead. 

The  same  principles  given  for  training  for  sprints, 
in  light  or  heavy  marching  order,  apply  to  the 
quarter  and  half  mile. 

The  Mile  Run. 

This  is  about  the  only  long-distance  event  prac- 
ticed in  America.  Preparatory  work  consists  in 
walking  and  running  at  a  jog  four  or  five  miles  a 
day  for  a  month  or  more ;  then  for  several  weeks 
observe  the  following  schedule  : 

First  Day. — Go  between  one  and  two  miles  at  an 
easy  jog. 

Second  Day. — One  half  mile  at  smart  pace. 

Third  Day. — Quarter  at  speed. 

Fourth  Day. — Three  quarters  at  a  fair  jog. 

Fifth  Day. — Between  one  and  two  miles  at  an  easy 

jog. 

Sixth  Day. — Quarter  at  speed. 


144 

Seventh  Day. — Rest. 

The  trials  can  then  be  made  about  once  in  two 
weeks,  possibly  oftener ;  make  the  trial  the  clay  be- 
fore resting. 

A  mile  runner  should  be  a  judge  of  pace  and 
know  how  fast  he  can  do  a  mile.  Run  the  mile  at 
this  pace  regardless  of  the  other  runners. 

There  is  much  danger  in  this  race  of  beginners 
being  "  run  off  their  feet/'     A  magnificent  stride  is 


Fig.  4.— T.  P.  Conneff's  stride. 

shown  in  Fig.  4  ;  the  mouth  is  open  and  arms  hang 
down,  which  relieves  the  chest  and  shoulders  of  the 
weight ;  this  tells  in  a  long  race.  Also  the  swinging 
of  the  arms  at  sides  seems  to  give  a  forward  impel  us 
to  the  runner. 


145 


Hurdles. 

The  hurdle  races  recognized  by  all  athletic  clubs 
in  this  country  are  the  120-yard  and  220-yard.  The 
120-yard,  or  "high  hurdle/'  is  run  over  ten  hurdles 
three  and  a  half  feet  high,  placed  ten  yards  apart, 
the  first  and  last  being  fifteen  yards  from  the  start- 
ing and  finishing  line,  respectively. 

The  220-yard  "low  hurdle"  is  run  over  ten  hur- 
dles, two  and  a  half  feet  high  twenty  yards  apart,  the 
first  and  last  twenty  yards  distant  from  the  starting 
and  finishing  lines  respectively. 

To  be  a  successful  hurdler  requires  long  practice. 
Skill,  strength,  nerve,  spring,  and  a  cool  head  are 
necessary. 

Preliminary  training  can  be  started  in  the  gym- 
nasium by  such  exercises  as  rising  on  toes  and  heels, 
raising  legs  as  in  double  step  and  double  jump  on 
the  toes.  There  is  also  an  exercise  of  raising  one  leg 
bent  at  the  knee  forward,  and  the  other  leg  bent  at 
the  knee  backward,  alternating  the  legs  at  each  mo- 
tion. This  brings  into  play  the  muscles  used  in 
hurdling  and  is  similar  to  the  movements  of  the 
legs  in  taking  the  hurdle. 

After  the  preliminary  practice,  take  up  the  out- 
door work  by  jogging  up  and  down  the  track  the 
first  few  days,  occasionally  spurting  forty  or  fifty 
yards,  then  practice  the  start  several  times,  clearing 
the  first  hurdle.  After  a  couple  of  days  of  this,  take 
two  hurdles,  the  next  day  three.  After  this,  when- 
ever the  hurdles  are  being  jumped  the  runner  should 
rush  at  each  hurdle  with  the  utmost  speed  ;  this  is 
all  important.  After  a  few  weeks  of  preliminary 
work  in  taking  a  few  hurdles,  a  trial  over  all  ten 
may  be  taken.     This  trial  may  be  made  about  once 


146 

every  five  days  ;  on  other  days  the  work  should  in- 
clude not  more  than  four  hurdles. 

Speed  between  the  hurdles  is  all  important ;  to 
obtain  this  it  is  necessary  to  start  the  foot  which  has 
crossed  last  over  the  hurdle  forward  for  the  first  step 
before  the  forward  foot  has  reached  the  ground,  thus 
making  the  first  step  after  the  jump  a  very  short  and 
a  very  quick  one.  The  tendency  is  upon  landing 
after  the  leap  to  take  a  long  stride  forward  ;  the  run- 
ner must  avoid  this  and  force  himself  to  take  a  short 
step,  else  he  will  never  be  a  speedy  or  successful 
hurdler. 

As  a  rule,  the  runner  alights  between  seven  and 
seven  feet  and  a  half  beyond  the  obstacle,  then  takes 
the  short,  quick  step  of  four  and  a  half  to  five  feet, 
which  gives  him  his  impetus ;  then  he  makes  a  long- 
step  of  five  and  a  half  to  six  feet,  and  then  another 
short  step  of  about  four  and  a  half  feet,  which 
brings  him  about  seven  and  a  half  feet  from  the 
next  hurdle.  After  the  last  hurdle  is  cleared  the 
head  should  be  thrust  forward  and  the  finish  made 
as  strong  as  possible. 

Training  for  the  220-yard  is  similar  to  that  for  the 
120-yard. 

The  jump  over  the  hurdle  is  different ;  in  fact, 
there  is  no  jump  ;  the  runner  must  spring  as  little  as 
possible  and  clear  the  hurdle  by  a  dexterous  move- 
ment of  the  legs ;  this  movement  is  similar  to  that 
which  one  would  make  if  suspended  from  the  ceil- 
ing, toes  just  touching  the  floor  and  a  series  of  hur- 
dles on  a  treadmill  passing  under  him.  To  clear  the 
hurdles  he  merely  lifts  his  legs  one  after  the  other  ; 
thus  the  body  of  the  hurdler  must  always  be  kept  on 
as  constant  a  level  as  possible. 

The  best  number  of  strides  between  the  hurdles 


,  ,  ±-rft  ~ 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  T.  Fig.  8. 

From  instantaneous  photographs  of  E.  H.  Cady. 


148 

is  seven,  although  a  runner  with  a  short  stride  may 
have  to  take  nine.  However,  this  often  brings  the 
take-off  too  close  to  the  hurdle  and  necessitates  slow- 
ing up ;  it  is  therefore  better  to  train  for  eight  strides, 
which  necessitates  jumping  from  alternate  feet. 
Even  this  loses  time  on  a  curved  track,  and  the  aim 
of  the  hurdler  should  be  to  have  an  odd  number  of 
strides  between  the  hurdles  and  to  take  off  from  the 
right  foot.     All  hurdles  should  be  cleared  by  as  nar- 


> 


-■'        •        '-—      -■"-•'  -       — — ->  ...  ..'... ..-...,._ . ...._.'    •  >    .  .....j 

Fig.  9.  Fig.  10. 

From  instantaneous  photographs  of  E.  H.  Cady. 

row  margin  as  possible,  and  it  is  even  better  to  hit 
the  top  of  the  hurdle  lightly  rather  than  clear  it  too 
much. 

In  order  to  become  proficient  in  the  number  of 
strides  between  hurdles,  spots  may  be  made  on  the 


149 


ground  indicating  where  the  feet  should  strike. 
Some  ruimers  prefer  the  standing  to  the  crouching 
start  in  hurdling ;  the}'  maintain  that  they  are  in 
better  condition  to 
take  the  first  hurdle, 
and  that  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  rise  from  the 
crouching  start  to 
the  proper  jumping 
position  with  so 
short  a  run ;  how- 
ever, those  who  use 
the  crouching  start 
claim  its  superior- 
ity, and  this  ques- 
tion should  be  left 
to  the  judgment  of 
each  individual  run- 
ner. It  must  be  re- 
membered that  the 
first  and  every  hur- 
dle should  be  rushed 
at  with  the  utmost 
speed. 

The  costume  for 
hurdlers  is  similar  to  that  for  runners.  The  shoes 
should  be  made  of  kangaroo  skin,  six  spikes  in  toes, 
a  quarter-of-an-inch  heel,  two  spikes  placed  at  ex- 
tremities of  a  diagonal  drawn  through  center  of 
heel. 

Figs.  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10,  and  11  show  the  different 
positions  of  the  runner  in  clearing  the  hurdle. 


Fig.  11. 

From  an  instantaneous  photograph  of  E  H. 
Cad}-. 


150 
FIELD  EVENTS. 

Running  High  Jump. 

This  requires  the  ordinary  jumping  standard  and 
a  runway  about  forty  or  fifty  feet  in  length,  made 
of  cinders  well  rolled  and  dampened  so  as  to  be 
springy. 

The  posts  of  the  standards  are  placed  about  eight 
feet  apart  and  the  earth  is  loosened  where  the  jumper 
will  alight. 

Preliminary  training  for  this  event  consists  of 
such  gymnasium  work  as  will  strengthen  the  legs, 
chest,  and  back — especially  the  back ;  work  with 
pulley  weights  and  dumb-bells  is  good  for  this ;  also 
bending  trunk,  legs  remaining  straight,  and  touch- 
ing floor  with  finger  tips. 

For  the  legs  take  the  exercise  of  raising  body  on 
toes ;  starting  gradually,  increase  from  day  to  day 
until  possible  to  raise  body  four  or  five  hundred 
times.  In  a  similar  manner  take  the  exercise  of 
"  knees  full  bend." 

The  jump  should  not  be  practiced  during  the  pre- 
paratory work,  nor  at  all  on  the  hard  floor  of  the 
gymnasium.  Most  jumpers  take  off  with  the  left 
foot  and  stride  over  the  bar  with  right. 

In  the  following  description  it  is  assumed  that  the 
jumper  takes  off  with  the  left  foot : 

The  shorter  a  high  jumper  can  make  his  jump 
the  better,  as  less  power  is  wasted  in  the  approach. 
Our  best  jumpers  start  about  seventy-five  feet  back 
and  run  slowly  to  within  about  three  strides  of  the 
take-off ;  this  point  should  be  absolutely  fixed  by 
every  jumper. 

From   the   middle   of    the    runway   the    jumper 


151 

swings  slowly  toward  the  right  side  of  track  and 
then  at  the  fixed  point  turns  sharply  to  the  left  and 
gets  into  his  stride  as  rapidly  and  with  as  much 
force  as  possible.  This  should  bring  the  left  foot 
squarely  on  the  take-off  and  enable  the  jumper  to 
give  the  body  a  twist  that  aids  greatly  in  clearing 
bar.  Of  course  one  who  jumps  from  the  right  foot 
swerves  toward  the  left  side  of  the  track  and  takes 
the  bar  with  right  side  toward  it.     Fig.  1  shows  the 


Fig.  1.  Fig.  2. 

From  instantaneous  photographs  of  S.  A.  W.  Baltazzi. 

jumper  starting  ;  his  eyes  are  fixed  on  the  bar  and 
never  leave  it  until  bar  is  cleared. 

He  takes  an  easy  run  until  he  reaches  the  fixed 
point,  or  his  "  mark  " ;  then  takes  his  three  strides, 
and  his  left  foot  is  at  the  take-off. 

As  a  rule,  the  take-off  is  a  distance  about  the 
height  of  the  bar  from  the  base  line  of  the  standard ; 


152 

however,  an  expert  jumper  can  take  off  a  little  nearer 
the  bar  than  this. 

On  reaching  the  take-off  the  left  heel  strikes  first, 
giving  power  for  the  jump ;  the  toe  gives  it  direction. 

Fig.  2  shows  the  jumper  just  as  the  jump  com- 
mences, the  right  foot  rising,  and  the  muscles  of  the 
arm  and  back  are  now  coming  into  play  to  raise  the 
trunk. 

Fig.  3  shows  the  jumper  with  right  leg  over  bar 
and  left  leg  almost  up. 

The  muscle  of  the  neck  connecting  with  those  of 


Ficx.  3.  Fio.  4. 

From  instantaneous  photographs  of  S.  A.  W.  Baltazzi, 

sides  and  abdomen  shows  the  strain  of  the  body  in 
raising  the  trunk  and  lefl  leg.  The  left  leg  musl  bo 
brought  in  closely  to  the  right  thigh. 


153 


VERSITY 

.      "        or 

Fig.  4  shows  the  bar  cleared,  eyes  STTII  on 


bar. 

Fig.  5  shows  the  juniper  about  to  land. 

As  the  bar  is  cleared,  the  back  muscles,  assisted 
by  the  right  arm,  which  is  thrown  up  in  the  air. 
gives  the  twist  for  the 
body  and  the  jumper 
alights,      facing      the 
bar. 

The  jump  is  a  com- 
plete semicircle. 

Fig.  5  shows  the 
body  lying  along  the 
curve  of  this  semi- 
circle. 

The  bar  in  each 
of  the  jumps  shown 
was  at  five  feet  eight 
inches,  showing  the 
perfect  form  of  the 
jumper.  The  figures 
show  that  the  jumper 
practically  strides  over 
the  bar  instead  of  go- 
ing over  in  a  compact 
bunch. 

Fig.    6    shows    the 
world's    champion    jumper,    Sweeney,   making   the 
world's  record  of  six  feet  five  and  five  eighths  inches, 
Here  the  jumper  appears  lying  flat  on  his  back. 

Up  to  six  feet  Sweeney  clears  the  bar  with  body 
in  an  upright  position.  Higher  than  that  he  springs 
up  from  the  ground  as  much  as  possible,  then  heaves 
his  trunk  and  legs  forward,  and  twists  his  body  in 
the   air   until   he   assumes   the   horizontal    position 


From  an   instantaneous  photograph  of 
S.  A.  W.  Baltazzi. 


154 

shown.  He  depends  entirely  upon  the  momentum 
of  his  run  and  the  twist  of  his  body  above  the  bar  to 
get  his  head  and  shoulders  over. 

Each  competitor  in  competition  is  allowed  three 
jumps  at  each  height;  running  under  the  bar  counts 


Fig.  6. — Sweeney  making  his  world  record  jump,  6  feet,  55/8  inches. 

as  a  balk,  and  three  balks  as  a  trial ;  thus  it  is  better 
to  balk  rather  than  jump  if  not  coming  precisely  on 
the  take-off.  A  competitor  may  decline  to  jump  at 
any  height  in  his  turn,  but  by  so  doing  forfeits  his 
right  to  jump  again  at  that  height.  Some  men  wait 
until  the  bar  reaches  a  fair  height  before  trying  a 
jump,  thus  reserving  their  strength. 

The  jumping  costume  is  a  jersey  suit,  which 
keeps  the  muscles  warm;  the  shoes  are  made  of  kan- 
garoo skin,  and  worn  without  socks.  The  shoe  of 
the  foot  which  strikes  the  take-off  has  a  quarter- 


155 

inch  heel,  with  two  spikes  placed  at  the  extremities 
of  a  diagonal  passing  through  the  center.  There  are 
no  spikes  in  the  other  heel,  but  it  is  made  slightly 
thicker.     Both  shoes  have  six  spikes  in  the  toes. 

Running  Broad  Jump. 

This  is  usually  jumped  on  earth.  The  take-off  is 
from  a  joist  five  inches  wide  sunk  flush  with  the 
earth,  and  the  front  edge  of  this  joist  is  the  scratch 
line  from  which  all  jumps  are  measured.  The  earth 
for  a  depth  of  three  inches  and  a  width  of  twelve 
outward  is  removed  in  front  of  the  joist. 

Broad  jumping  combines  the  elements  of  sprint- 
ing, hurdling,  and  high  jumping.  The  training  con- 
sists of  sprinting  frequently  for  seventy -five  or  one 
hundred  yards  to  acquire  speed,  practicing  the  high 
jump,  paying  more  attention  to  form  than  to  the 
height  cleared,  and  taking  the  high  hurdles  occa- 
sionally. 

After  having  attained  good  form,  a  half  dozen 
jumps  every  other  day  will  be  all  the  practice  neces- 
sary. As  to  the  details  of  the  jump,  it  is  first  neces- 
sary to  lay  out  the  run  and  to  arrange  so  that  there 
will  be  no  mistake  in  taking  off.  Lay  out  two 
marks,  the  first  a  given  number  of  strides  from  the 
take-off — our  best  jumpers  take  either  eight  or  nine 
strides ;  the  second  mark,  which  is  the  starting 
point,  is  farther  back.  This  distance  between  the 
first  and  second  marks  is  a  little  over  one  hundred 
feet.  In  any  event,  the  jumper  mustbe  sure  that  if 
his  jumping  foot,  either  right  or  left,  strikes  the  first 
mark,  the  same  foot  must  come  squarely  upon  the 
take-off.  The  position  of  the  start  in  the  broad 
jump  is  similar  to  the  standing  start  in  sprinting. 

The  jumping  foot  is  on  the  startingmark,  the  other 
11 


156 

slightly  in  advance.  The  jumper  starts  down  the 
track,  measuring  his  strides  carefully,  so  that  his 
jumping  foot  will  strike  squarely  upon  the  first 
mark  ;  then  he  sprints  at  his  greatest  speed  to  the 
take-off,  upon  which  the  jumping  foot  ought  now  to 


Fig.  1.  Fig.  2. 

From  instantaneous  photographs  of  R.  J.  Lyons. 

squarely  land ;  at  the  last  step  before  the  take-off 
the  jumper  gathers  himself  together  and  crouches 
as  low  as  his  speed  will  permit,  and  brings  his  jump- 
ing foot  down  hard,  and  at  the  same  time  throws  his 
arms  forward  and  upward,  the  hardest  strain  com- 
ing on  the  back  muscles.  The  eyes  should  be 
fixed  on  some  distant  high  point,  and  not  on  the 
ground ;  this  often  adds  an  inch  or  two  to  the 
jump. 


157 

Fig.  1  shows  the  jumper  in  the  middle  of  his 
jump,  his  legs  curled  up  under  the  chin  and  arms 
extended  forward  in  order  to  throw  the  balance  of 
the  body  as  far  front  as  possible.  The  jumper  de- 
scribes an  arc.  As  he  alights,  his  feet  are  held  to- 
gether and  well  forward,  head  and  arms  well  for- 
ward, so  as  not  to  lose  the  balance  and  fall  back- 
ward. 

Fig.  2  shows  the  correct  position  for  alight- 
ing. 

It  is  well  to  rest  three  or  four  days  before  a  con- 
test, and  it  is  not  deemed  advisable  to  do  the  best 
work  on  the  first  jump ;  do  the  best  on  the  second 
and  every  jump  thereafter.  A  short  spin  before  the 
first  jump  is  a  good  way  to  limber  up.  The  costume 
is  the  same  as  that  for  the  high  jump. 

Throwing  the  Hammer. 

Throwing  the  sixteen-pound  hammer  and  putting 
the  sixteen-pound  shot  are  the  two  recognized 
weight  events  in  this  country.  The  length  of  the 
complete  hammer  is  four  feet,  and  its  weight  sixteen 
pounds.  The  hammer  head  must  be  a  metal  sphere. 
Wooden  handles  were  formerly  used,  but  now  a 
flexible  steel  handle  is  universally  adopted.  The 
throw  is  from  a  circle  seven  feet  in  diameter.  The 
main  thing  in  hammer  throwing  is  ease  in  move- 
ment ;  when  the  hammer  is  thrown  around  the  head, 
it  is  kept  as  far  as  possible  from  the  body,  the  arms 
are  not  bent  nor  the  muscles  set,  and  the  shoulders 
move  as  freely  and  easily  as  possible.  Ease  of  move- 
ment is  attained  only  after  long  practice.  A  half 
hour's  practice  every  day  for  months  is  necessary, 
and  the  first  endeavor  should  be  to  obtain  perfect 
control  of  the  hammer. 


158 

Exercises  which  strengthen  the  arms  and  back 
will  assist  the  hammer  thrower. 

After  proficiency  in  throwing  the  hammer  is 
attained,  an  hour's  practice  two   or  three  times  a 


V    * 


G 


<<y 


^ 


:#' 


/ 


\ 


Fro.  1.  Fig.  2. 

From  instantaneous  photographs  of  W.  O.  Hiekok. 


week  is  sufficient.     Several  days'  rest  are  necessary 
just  before  a  competition. 

The  details  of  the  throw  are  shown  in  the  illus- 
trations. Fig.  1  shows  the  start,  the  hammer  head 
on  ground  outside  of  circle,  the  thrower  having  a 
firm  grasp  on  handle  and  leaning  well  over,  so  as  to 
keep  the  hammer  as  far  away  from  the  body  as  pos- 
sible. Fig.  2  shows  hammer  as  it  is  being  lil*ic<l 
from  ground  to  be  whirled  about  the  head,  the  ham- 
mer  being   held  well   out   from   the  body. 


Fig.   3 


159 


shows  the  arms  straightened  out  during  the  whirl. 
Fig.  4  shows  the  position  of  the  thrower  as  he  swings 
the  hammer  about  his  head  to  gain  the  necessary 
momentum ;  this  whirl  is  at  first  slow  and  becomes 
faster  and  faster,  and  is  at  top  speed  just  about  as 
the  thrower  is  ready  to  turn  for  the  throw.  It  is 
customary  to  whirl  the  hammer  three  times  around 
the  head  before  the  turn.  Fig.  5  shows  the  turn ; 
during  this  turn  the  hammer  must  be  kept  well  be- 
hind the  body.  The  thrower  moves  his  feet  about 
as  fast  as  possible,  and  never  allows  the  hammer  to 


Fig.  3.  Fig.  4. 

From  instantaneous  photographs  of  W.  O.  Hickok. 


get  ahead  of  the  motion  of  the  body,  otherwise  the 
hammer  will  throw  the  thrower.  By  jumping 
around  on  the  last  turn  an  expert  thrower  can  make 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  6. 


From  instantaneous  photographs 
of  W.  O.  Hickok. 


,**- 


161 


about  twenty-five  feet  more  than  without  it.  Fig.  6 
shows  the  moment  just  before  the  final  heave,  when 
the  hammer  is  let  go.  This  is  clone  without  a  jerk, 
the  hammer  slipping  freely  from  the  hands  at  the 
proper  moment,  otherwise  the  momentum  acquired 
will  be  destroyed.  Fig.  7  shows  the  position  of  the 
body  just  after  the  throw ;  it  is  seen  to  be  thrown 
backward  to  keep  from  stepping  out  of  the  circle. 

Instead  of  using  the  , 
single  turn  in  throwing 
the  hammer  the  double 
turn  is  now  generally 
used,  and  it  has  been 
found  that  this  adds  sev- 
eral feet  to  the  throw. 
After  whirling  the  ham- 
mer around  the  head 
three  times,  the  two 
turns  are  made  with  as 
much  rapidity  as  possi- 
ble, care  being  taken  that 
the  hammer  never  gets 
ahead  of  the  motion  of 
the  body. 


Putting  the  Shot. 


•v 


Fig.  1. 


From  an  instantaneous  photograph 
of  W.  O.  Hickok. 


The  sixteen  -  pound 
shot  is  put  from  a  seven- 
foot  circle,  along  four 
feet  of  the  circumference  of  which  is  placed  a  board 
four  inches  high ;  this  board  is  the  front  of  the  cir- 
cle, and  the  put  is  measured  from  it  to  the  nearest 
mark  made  in  the  ground  by  the  shot.  To  become 
expert  in  this  event  requires  long  practice;  the  be- 
ginner  must    strengthen   his   arms,  paying   special 


162 

attention  to  the  development  of  the  biceps  and  del- 
toids ;  this  can  be  done  by  work  on  the  parallel  bars 
and  by  punching  the  bag.  The  latter  gives  swift- 
ness. Sprinting  is  necessary,  as  it  teaches  the  shot 
putter  to  be  quick  and  light  on  his  feet.  The  begin- 
ner should  practice  with  the  shot  six  days  in  the 
week,  and  should  work  until  he  feels  tired.     After 


tit. 


art 


i_~  "-.        -     •    _       -  -  -      •-  -':  '•'■■        ■***"-'  -  •-•■ 

Fig.  2.  Fm.  3. 

From  instantaneous  photographs  of  W.  O.  Hickok. 

having  mastered  the  details  of  the  put  and  having 
obtained  good  form  he  need  practice  but  two  or 
three  times  each  week. 

The  illustrations  show  the  details  of  the  put. 
The  right  arm  should  be  spared  as  much  as  possible 
When  picking  up  the  shot,  the  athlete  holds  it  in 
his  left  hand.     Fig.  2  shows  the  starting  position, 


Fig.  4. 


U* 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  6.  Fig.  7. 

From  instantaneous  photographs  of  W.  O.  Hickok. 


164 

shot  having  been  rolled  over  into  right  hand;  the 
shot  must  be  held  above  and  not  behind  the  shoulder. 
Taking  an  easy  position,  the  shot  should  be  well  bal- 
anced in  the  right  hand,  but  not  gripped  tightly. 
Fig.  3  shows  the  start  off,  whole  weight  of  the  body 
on  right  leg,  left  arm  held  forward  as  a  balance. 
Fig.  -4  shows  left  leg  well  raised  ;  then  a  quick  hop 
is  taken  with  right  leg,  keeping  shot  as  near  shoulder 
as  possible.  After  alighting  on  right  foot,  left  foot 
touches  ground  as  shown  in  Fig.  5,  and  it  ought  to  fall 
very  close  to  board  rim.  Figs.  6  and  7  show  forward 
movement  of  body  and  transposition  of  feet.  The 
attitude  for  thus  getting  across  the  circle  is  a  crouch- 
ing one.  As  soon  as  left  foot  touches  the  ground  it 
is  brought  swiftly  backward,  throwing  entire  right 
side  of  body  forward.  A  half  turn  is  made,  so  that 
right  shoulder  will  be  in  exact  direction  in  which 
shot  is  to  be  put.  After  the  impetus  forward  has 
been  given  by  the  legs  and  body,  shoot  the  arm  out- 
ward with  all  possible  force,  the  motion  being  one 
such  as  would  be  made  in  striking  forward  and  up- 
ward against  a  punching  bag.  This  motion,  the 
change  of  feet,  the  lift,  the  turn,  the  thrust,  is  a  very 
rapid  one,  and  it  must  be  continuous,  smooth,  and 
uniform  from  beginning  to  end,  with  no  jerks  or 
pauses.  The  shot  leaves  the  hand  easily,  and  the  for- 
ward heave  of  the  body  must  be  such  that  the  equi- 
librium of  the  body  will  just  be  maintained. 

The  costume  worn  in  this  event,  as  well  as  in 
throwing  the  hammer,  may  be  the  usual  running 
costume,  although  a  jersey  suit  may  be  worn  if  pre- 
ferred. 


105 


Pole  Vault. 

This  requires  the  jumping  standard  so  arranged 
that  it  can  be  raised  as  high  as  eleven  feet  and  over. 
The  posts  of  the  standard  are  placed  about  ten  feet 
apart,    and    there 
should    be   a  run- 
way,   such    as    is 
used   in   jumping. 
The    earth    where 
the  vaulter  alights 
is  turned  over  and 
raked,     so     as    to 
make  a  soft  land- 
ing    place.       The 
vaulting    pole    is 


made  of 
straight  • 
spruce, 


selected 

grained 

sixteen 


Fig.   1. 

From    an   instantaneous    photograph  of  Mr. 
Buchholz. 


feet  in  length,  and 

fitted  with  an  iron 

spike  at  lower  end. 

The  pole  is  usually 

wound   with   tape 

for   a  distance   of 

about  four  feet  along  that  part  where  it  is  to  be 

held  by  the  hands  in  vaulting. 

The  costume  for  pole  vaulters  is  the  same  as  that 
used  in  jumping. 

To  be  successful  in  this  event  requires  long  prac- 
tice, the  arm,  chest,  and  back  muscles  being  the  ones 
that  must  be  developed.  This  can  be  done  by  using 
chest  weights,  rope  climbing,  and  work  on  parallel 
bars  and  rings ;  also  the  exercise  of  "  arms  down- 
ward bend  "  while  on  all  fours  in  the  "  leaning  rest  " 


166 

is  very  beneficial.      Sprinting   is   also  very  impor- 
tant. 

While  learning  the  details  of  the  vault  the  bar 
should  not  be  placed  higher  than  six  or  seven  feet, 


Fig.  2. 
From  an  instantaneous  photograph  of  Mr.  Buchholz. 

and  the  beginner  should  not  vault  oftener  than 
twelve  or  fifteen  times  a  day,  and  only  work  every 
other  day,  the  intervening  days  being  devoted  to 
sprinting.  Every  height  should  be  taken  three 
times,  and  the  bar  then  raised.  About  once  a  week 
a  trial  vault  can  be  made. 

After  attaining  good  form  less  practice  is  needed. 

As  to  details  of  the  vault,  it  is  necessary,  as  in 
the  jumping,  to  lay  out  the  take-off  and  run.  Some 
take  a  long  run,  rlepending  entirely  upon  speed  to 
carry  them  over  the  bar,  while  others  lake  a  short 
one,  and  throw  all  their  force  and  energy  into  the 


167 


leap.  In  either  case  the  starting  point  and  take-off 
should  be  fixed  spots  on  the  runway.  Always  meas- 
ure the  pole  before  every  vault  ;  to  do  this,  hold  the 
pole  upright  until  it  touches  the  bar,  let  it  fall  back, 
and  grasp  it  with  the  lower  hand  one  foot  below  the 
point  where  it  touched  the  crosspiece.  The  vaulter 
who  takes  off  with  left  foot  has  the  left  hand  below, 
and  one  who  takes  off  with  right  foot  the  right  hand 
below.  Having  measured  the  pole,  the  vaulter 
seizes  it  with  both  hands,  one  at  the  spot  indicated, 
and  the  other  two  and  a  half  to  three  feet  farther 
up.  The  thumbs 
are  up,  the  same 
as  in  climbing 
the  rope. 

The  illustra- 
tions show  the 
vaulter  taking 
off  with  left  foot. 
Fig.  1  shows  the 
vaulter  in  the 
middle  of  the 
runway,  pole 
pointing  toward 
the  standard, 
eyes  fixed  on 
bar ;  from  this 
time  he  does  not 
remove  his  eyes 
from  the  bar  un- 
til he  has  cleared 

it ;  he  never  looks  to  see  where  he  places  the  pole. 
Running  down  the  runway,  some  vaulters  hold  the 
pole  well  down,  as  shown  in  Fig.  2,  while  others  hold 
it  well  up  over  the  chest ;  the  beginner  will  find  it 


Fig.  3. 

From  an  instantaneous  photograph  of  Mr. 
Buchholz. 


1G8 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  5. 


■  XSm- 


Fir;.  6.  Fig.  7. 

From  instantaneous  photographs  of  Mr.  Buchholz. 


169 

better  to  hold  his  higher  hand  well  up  under  his 
head.  Going  down  the  runway  at  full  speed,  the 
vaulter  plants  the  pole  firmly  on  the  take-off  with 
all  his  force  and  springs  straight  for  the  bar.  The 
right  arm  now  stretches  taut,  Fig.  3,  and  the  body 
swings  toward  pole ;  the  body  as  it  rises  turns,  the 
object  being  to  twist  and  face  the  pole,  so  that  when 
the  height  of  the  bar  is  reached  the  back  will  be 
toward  it,  and  the  heels  may  be  lifted  over.  Fig.  4 
shows  the  vaulter  just  a  moment  before  he  reaches 
this  position.  The  working  of  the  arms  is  shown  in 
Fig.  4,  and  consists  of  pulling  with  the  right  arm 
and  pushing  with  the  left ;  this  lifts  the  body,  the 
heels  clear  the  bar,  and  the  twist  which  is  now  im- 
parted to  the  body  brings  the  vaulter  facing  the  bar, 
as  shown  in  Fig.  5.  The  upward  motion  now  changes 
to  a  fall.  Just  as  the  pole  is  let  go  a  twisting  mo- 
tion is  given  to  the  body,  so  that  the  vaulter  falls 
with  his  back  to  the  standard,  one  complete  gyration 
in  mid-air  having  thus  been  made ;  Figs.  6  and  7 
show  this.  However,  this  last  twist  is  not  neces- 
sary, as  some  vaulters  fall  facing  the  standard.  The 
rules  of  vaulting  do  not  permit  the  upper  hand  to 
be  moved  during  the  vault,  but  the  lower  hand  may 
be  brought  up  to  any  point  below  the  upper :  some 
vaulters  do  this.  In  falling,  the  muscles  should  be 
relaxed,  the  body  striking  the  ground  lightly,  so  as 
to  avoid  injury. 


170 


INTERCOLLEGIATE    RECORDS    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES 
(Corrected  to  1903). 


Event. 


100-yard  dash 

220-yard  dash 

Quarter-mile  run 

Half-mile  run 

Mile  run 

Mile  walk 

120-yard  hurdle 

220-yard  hurdle 

Running  high  jump 

Running  broad  jump 

Pole  vault 

Throwing  16-lb.  hammer 164 

Putting  16-lb.  shot 44 


Record. 


9|  sec. 

21|    " 

49§    - 

1  min 

56|    » 

4    " 

23§    " 

6    " 

52|    " 

15§    •' 

23|    « 

6  ft. 

3    ins. 

24  " 

4^    " 

11   " 

5      " 

164  " 

10      " 

44  " 

81    " 

Made  by 


A.  J.  Duffey,  Georgetown. 

B.  F.  Wefers,  Georgetown. 
M.  W.  Long,  Columbia. 

E.  Hollister,  Harvard. 
G.  W.  Orton,  U.  of  Pa. 

F.  A.  Borcherling,  Princeton. 
A.  C.  Kraenslein,  Pennsylvania. 
A.  C.  Kraenslein.  Pennsylvania. 
J.  D.  Windsor,  Jr..  U.  of  Pa. 
A.  C.  Kraenslein,  Pennsylvania. 
R.  G.  Clapp,  Yale. 

DeWitt,  Princeton. 
F.  Beck,  Yale. 


AMERICAN    AMATEUR    RECORDS 
(Corrected  to  1903). 


Event. 


100  yard  dash 

220-yard  dish 

Quarter-mile  run 

Half-mile  run 

One-mile  run 

One-mile  walk 

120-yard  hurdle 

220  yard  hurdle 

Running  high  jump. . 
Runnin<r  broad  jump. 

Pole  vault 

Throwing  16-lb.  hammer.. 
Putting  16-lb.  shot..., 
Thro\vin<r  discus 


Holder. 

Record. 

Where  made. 

A.  F.  Dnffev. 

95,  sec. 

New  York.  1902. 

B.  J.  Wefers. 

si*  " 

New  York.  1898. 

W.  Baker. 

47;    « 

Boston,  1896. 

C.  J.  Kilpatrick. 

1  min.  53f    " 

New  York,  1895. 

T.  P.  Conneff. 

4    " 

15*    " 

New  York,  1895. 

F.  P.  Murray. 

6    " 

293    " 

New  York,  1883. 

A.  C.  Kraenslein. 

15|    " 

Chicago,  1898. 

A  C.  Kraenslein. 

23g    " 

Chicago,  1898. 

M.  F.  Sweeny. 

6  ft.    5f  ins. 

New  York.  1895. 

Myer  Prinstein. 

24  k 

IJM         H 

Philadelphia.  1900. 

R.  G.  Clapp 

11  ' 

10i    " 

Chicago,  1898. 

J.  Flanagan. 

164  ' 

6i    " 

BayonneCity,  1899. 

G.  R.  Gray. 

47  ' 

Chicago,  1893. 

M.  J.  Sheridan. 

127  ' 

8|    " 

New  Yoik,  1899. 

The  best  of  the  above  records  are  also  the  world's  amateur  records 


171 


The  band  music  for  the  two  sets  of  music  given 
in  this  manual  can  be  procured  from  Carl  Fischer, 
Wholesale  Music  Dealer,  New  York  City,  or  from 
Edwin  G.  Clarke,  Plattsburg,  1ST.  Y.  The  music  is 
complete  and  arranged  in  sheets  of  regulation  size 
for  use  of  bands  in  the  service. 


12 


172 
DRILL     MUSIC. 

Set  No.  1. 


To  fit  Capt.  E.  L.  Butts'  Drill. 

SOLO— CORNET    PART. 

Cornet. 

. — ^ ^^ r. — S 


Mu.  ic  by  Edwin  G.  Clarke. 


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174 

DRILL     MUSIC. 

Set  No.  2. 


To  fit  Capt.  E.  L.  Butts1  Drill. 
SOLO— CORNET. 


Music  by  Edwin  G.  ClarJfce. 


Cornet. 

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MILITARY    TEXT-BOOKS. 


DRILL  REGULATIONS,  Etc. 

A    Manual  of   Instruction    in    the    Principles   of 
Prompt  Aid  to  the  Injured. 

Including  a  Chapter  on  Hygiene  and  the  Drill  Regulations  for 
the  Hospital  Corps,  United  States  Army.  Designed  for  Military 
and  Civil  Use.  By  Alvah  H.  Doty,  M.  D.,  Health  Officer  of 
the  Port  of  New  York  ;  late  Major  and  Surgeon  Ninth  Regiment, 
N.  G.  S.  N.  Y.  ;  late  Attending  Surgeon  to  Bellevue  Hospital  Dis- 
pensary, New  York.  Fourth  edition,  1902,  revised  and  enlarged. 
Numerous  Illustrations.     i2mo.     Cloth,  $1.50  net. 

Practical     Instruction     in     Minor    Tactics     and 
Strategy. 

For  the  Use  of  the  Regular  Army  and  the  Militia.  By  John  P. 
"Wisser,  First  Lieutenant,  First  United  States  Artillery.  With 
Charts  and  Maps.  Approved  and  authorized  as  a  Text-Book  in 
the  United  States  Artillery  School.     Square  8vo.     Cloth,  $2.50. 

Points  in  Minor  Tactics. 

Compiled  and  arranged  in  an  elementary  manner  for  the  Infantry 
Arm  of  the  National  Guard  of  the  United  States.  By  Major 
Charles  A.  Smylie,  Twelfth  Infantry,  N.  G.  N.  Y.,  late  United 
States  Volunteers.     Illustrated.      i2mo.     Cloth,  $1.00. 

Maxims  for  Training  Remount  Horses  for  Mili- 
tary Purposes. 

By  J.  Y.  Mason-Blunt,  Lieutenant,  Fifth  United  States  Cavalry. 
Illustrated.     i6mo.     Cloth,  50  cents. 

Manual  of  Physical  Drill,  United  States  Army. 

By  Captain  Edmund  L.  Butts,  Eighteenth  Infantry,  United 
States  Army.     With  193  Illustrations.     i2mo.     Cloth,  $1.25. 

Three   Roads   to  a  Commission   in   the   United 
States  Army. 

By  Captain  W.  P.  Burnham,  Fifth  United  States  Infantry ; 
author  of"  Manual  of  Outpost  Duty,"  etc.     i2mo.     Cloth,  $1.00. 

Tactics  for  Non-Military  Bodies. 

Adapted  for  the  Instruction  of  Political  Associations,  Police 
Forces,  Fire  Organizations,  Masonic,  Odd-Fellows,  and  other 
Civic  Societies.  By  Brevet  Major-General  Emory  Upton.  i8mo. 
Cloth,  50  cents. 

D .     APPLETON     AND     COMPANY,     NEW    YORK. 


MILITARY    TEXT-BOOKS. 


DRILL  REGULATIONS,  Etc. 
The  New  Army  Drill  Regulations. 

As  Approved  by  the  Secretary  of  War.     Illustrated. 

For  Infantry.  One  volume.  Bound  in  leather,  with  tuck, 
75  cents  ;  in  stiff  paper  covers,  30  cents. 

The  Same,  with  Appendix  containing  Interpretations  (replies  to 
inquiries,  as  published  in  The  Army  and  /.  avy  Journal),  by 
Lieutenant  John  C.  French,  Recorder  of  the  Tactical  Board. 
Leather,  with  tuck,  $1.00  ;  paper,  50  cents. 

For  Cavalry.     One  volume.     Leather,  with  tuck,  $1.00. 

For  Artillery.     One  volume.     Leather,  with  tuck,  $1.00. 

For  Hospital  Corps.     One  volume.     Leather,  50  cents. 

Manual  of  Arms. 

Adapted  to  the  Krag-Jorgensen  Magazine  Rifle  (caliber  .30), 
recently  adopted  by  the  United  States  Army  ;  and  also  that 
adapted  to  the  Springfield  Rifle  (caliber  .45),  recently  adopted  by 
the  National  Guard.      i6mo.      10  cents. 

Manual  of  Guard  Duty. 

For  the  United  States  Army.  As  Approved  by  the  Secretary  of 
War.     Leather,  50  cents  ;  paper,  25  cents. 

Manual  of  Instructions  in  Military  Signaling. 

Prepared  by  Major  Howard  A.  Giddings,  Brigade  Signal  Offi- 
cer, Connecticut  National  Guard.  A  Condensed  and  Practical 
Manual,  based  on  present  requirements  and  conditions,  containing 
complete  instructions  for  all  kinds  of  military  signaling,  use  of 
signal  apparatus,  and  equipment  ;  with  appendices  and  tables. 
Containing  the  Myer  System  of  Army  and  Navy  Signaling,  the 
only  authorized  system  for  the  Military  and  Naval  forces  of  the 
United  States.  For  use  in  the  United  States  Army,  National 
Guard,  Naval  Militia,  Schools,  and  Colleges.  Illustrated.  i6mo. 
Cloth,  50  cents. 

Regulations  of  the  Army  of  the  United  States, 

And  General  Orders  in  Force,  All  Military  Law  in  Force.  Re- 
vised edition,  1895.     8vo.     Cloth,  $1.50. 

D  .     A  P  P  L  E  T  O  N      AND     COMPANY,     NEW     YORK. 


THE  STORY  OF  THE  WEST  SERIES. 
The  Story  of  the  Soldier. 

By  General  G.  A.  Forsyth,  U.S.A.  (retired).  Illustrated  by 
R.  F.  Zogbaum.  A  new  volume  in  the  Story  of  the  West  Series, 
edited  by  Ripley  Hitchcock.       I  2mo.      Cloth,  $1.50. 

In  the  great  task  of  opening  the  empire  west  of  the  Missouri 
the  American  regular  soldier  has  plaved  a  part  large  and  heroic, 
but  unknown.  The  purpose  of  this  book  is  to  picture  the  Amer- 
ican soldier  in  the  life  of  exploration,  reconnoissances,  establishing 
posts,  guarding  wagon  trains,  repressing  outbreaks,  or  battling 
With  hostile  Indians,  which  has  been  so  large  a  part  of  the  army's 
active  work  for  a  hundred  years. 

No  romance  can  be  more  suggestive  of  heroic  deeds  than  this 
volume,  which  appears  most  opportunely  at  a  time  when  the 
Regular  Army  is  facing  so  many  and  so  serious  duties  in  both 
hemispheres.  No  one  is  better  entitled  to  write  it  than  the  brave 
officer  who  with  his  little  handful  of  men  held  the  sandspit  in  the 
Arickaree  for  days  against  Roman  Nose  and  his  thousands  of 
warriors,  and  finally  won  their  lives  by  sheer  dogged  pluck  and 
heroism.  Mr.  Zogbaum' s  illustrations  are  a  most  valuable  gal- 
lery of  pictures  of  Western  army  life. 

"To  General  Forsyth  belongs  the  credit  of  having  gathered  together  for 
the  first  time  the  story  of  the  heroic  work,  invaluable  to  the  progress  of  our 
civilization,  which  regular  soldiers  performed  in  silence  and  obscurity." — Boston 
Herald. 

"General  Forsyth's  identity  with  the  army  extends  over  a  notable  period 
in  its  history,  and  he  is  among  the  few  officers  who  remain  who  are  able  to 
write  of  their  personal  knowledge  of  the  thrilling  experiences  of  our  soldiers  on 
the  plains." — Washington  Army  and  Navy  Register. 

"The  soldierly  qualities  of  the  author  appear  on  every  page  of  the  volume 
in  a  precision  of  statement,  a  generositv  of  praise,  and  an  urbanity  of  temper. 
The  narrative  is  commended  to  the  interest  and  attention  of  every  student  of 
our  national  life  and  development." — Philadelphia  Ledger. 

"There  is  not  a  dull  page  in  the  book." — Buffalo  Commercial. 

"The  story  presents  a  fresh  and  thrilling  chapter  of  American  history."  — 
Cleveland  World. 

D.     APPLETON     AND     COMPANY,     NEW    YORK. 


THE    LIBRARY   OF   USEFUL   STORIES* 

Illustrated.     J6mo.     Cloth,  35  cents  net  per  volume; 
postage,  4  cents  per  volume  additional. 

The  Story  of  Extinct  Civilizations  of  the  West.     By  Robert 
E.  Anderson,  M.  A.,  F.  A.  S. 

The  Story  of  Alchemy.     By  M.  M.  Pattison  Muir. 

The  Story  of  Animal  I  ife.     By  B  Lindsay. 

The  Story  of  the  Art  of  Music.     By  F.  J.  Crowest. 

The  Story  of  the  Art  of  Building.     By  P.  L.  Waterhouse. 

The  Story  of  King  Alfred.     By  Sir  Walter  Besant. 

The  Story  of  Books.     By  Gertrude  B.  Rawlings. 

The  Story  of  the  Alphabet.     By  Edward  Clodd. 

The  Story  of  Eclipses.     By  G.  F.  Chambers,  F.  R.A.S. 

The  Story  of  the  Living  Machine.     By  H.  W.  Conn. 

The  Story  of  the   British  Race.    By  John  Munro,  C.  E. 

The  Story  of  Geographical  Discovery.     By  Joseph  Jacobs. 

The  Story  of  the  Cotton  Plant.     By  F.  Wilkinson,  F.  G.  S. 

The  Story  of  the  Mind.     By  Prof.  J.  Mark  Baldwin. 

The  Story  of  Photography.     By  Alfred  T.  Story. 

The  Story  of  Life  in  the  Seas.     By  Sydney  J.  Hickson. 

The  Story  of  Germ  Life.     By  Prof.  H.  W.  Conn. 

The  Story  of  the  Earth's  Atmosphere.  By  Douglas  Archibald 

The  Story  of  Extinct  Civilizations  of  the  East.     By   Robert 
Anderson,  M.  A.,  F.  A.  S. 

The  Story  of  Electricity.     By  John  Munro,  C.  E. 

The  Story  of  a  Piece  of  Coal.     By  E.  A.  Martin,  F.G.  S. 

The  Story  of  the  Solar  System.     By  G.  F.  Chambers,  F.  R.  A,  S 

The  Story  of  the  Earth.     By  H.  G.  Seeley,  F.  R.  S. 

The  Story  of  the  Plants.     By  Grant  Allen. 

The  Story  of  "  Primitive  "  Man.     By  Edward  Clodd. 

The  Story  of  the  Stars.     By  G.  F.  Chambers,  F.  R.  A.  S. 

others  in  preparation. 

D.     APPLETON      AND     COMPANY,     NEW     YORK. 


A   VOLUME   FOR   EMERGENCIES* 


A    Manual    of    Instruction    in    the    Principles    of 
Prompt   Aid   to   the   Injured. 

Designed  for  Military  and  Civil  Use.  By  ALVAH 
H.  Doty,  M.D.,  Major  and  Surgeon,  Ninth  Regiment, 
N.  G. ,  N.  Y.,  Attending  Surgeon  to  Bellevue  Hospital 
Medical  Dispensary,  New  York.  Fourth  edition, 
revised  to  date.  With  96  Illustrations.  i2mo.  Cloth, 
$1.50  net. 

This  book  is  intended  to  impart  the  knowledge  necessary 
for  the  prompt  and  intelligent  care  of  persons  suffering  from 
hemorrhage,  fractures,  dislocations  wounds,  contusions, 
burns,  shock,  sprains,  poisoning,  the  effects  of  heat  or  cold, 
apoplexy,  epilepsy,  etc.  It  explains  the  proper  treatment 
of  those  rescued  from  drowning,  and  other  accidents  which 
are  liable  to  occur  at  any  time,  the  results  of  which  may  be 
materially  influenced  by  the  care  and  attention  which  the 
sufferer  receives  at  the  outset.  Each  topic  is  explained  in 
plain  and  simple  language,  and  when  medical  terms  are  used 
their  lay  synonyms  are  also  given.  Of  special  interest  to 
military  organizations  is  the  manner  in  which  the  matter 
has  been  arranged  and  points  introduced  that  will  be  of  use 
to  the  ambulance  corps.  The  United  States  Army  Drill 
Regulations  for  the  Hospital  Corps  are  given  in  complete 
form  with  profuse  illustrations.  In  the  new  edition  the 
chapter  on  disinfection  has  been  entirely  rewritten,  in  order 
to  embody  the  results  obtained  by  the  latest  scientific 
investigation.  Those  relating  to  wounds,  hemorrhage, 
hygiene,  poisons,  etc.,  have  been  thoroughly  revised.  It  is 
a  work  that  should  be  in  every  home  and  office,  and  in  the 
Company  rooms  of  every  military  organization. 

D.  APPLE  TON  AND  COMPANY,  NEW  YORK. 


"HEARTILY  RECOMMENDED  TO  ALL  WHO  HAVE  TO 
CARE  FOR  THE  SICK."— Newark  {N.J,)  News. 


A  Text-Book  of  Nursing. 

For  the  use  of  Training  Schools,  Families,  and 
Private  Students.  Compiled  by  Clara  S.  Weeks- 
Shaw.  Third  Edition,  revised  and  enlarged.  With 
many  Illustrations.     i2mo.     Cloth,  $1.75. 

This  book,  first  introduced  to  the  public  by  Prof. 
Edward  L.  Youmans,  to  whose  most  kind  encouragement 
and  assistance  it  owed  its  existence,  is  now  for  the  second 
time  revised  and  brought  up  to  date  under  the  supervision 
of  his  niece,  Dr.  Alice  C.  Youmans.  It  follows  the  same 
practical  lines  as  the  earlier  editions  and,  until  something 
more  comprehensive  is  offered,  it  is  hoped  will  continue  to 
be  of  use  to  nurses  both  amateur  and  professional. 

ITS   HIGH    STANDING. 

"  A  valuable  book." — New  York  American. 

"  It  covers  the  whole  subject." — Philadelphia  Press. 

"  Well  written,  practical,  and  authoritative." — Detroit  Free  Press. 

"  It  has  the  recommendations  of  the  highest  medical  authorities." 

—  Chicago  Tribune. 

"  Has  long  been  known  among  nurses  as  the  most  reliable  and 
comprehensive  work  of  its  kind." — Neiu  York  Commercial  Advertiser. 

D.       APPLETON     AND      COMPANY,      NEW      YORK. 


THIS  EOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  50  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  $1.00  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
OVERDUE. 


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